Effects of PEVs on the mitochondrial function of IVD in vivo. (A) Immunofluorescence staining images of Col2α of intervertebral discs (IVD). (B) Quantification of specific immunofluorescence intensities according to Col2α. (C) Immunofluorescence staining images of MMP13 of IVD. (D) Quantification of specific immunofluorescence intensities according to MMP13. (E) Immunofluorescence staining images of DHE on ROS levels in nucleus pulposus in rat IVD. (F) Quantification of specific immunofluorescence intensities according to DHE. (G) Fluorescent staining images of MitoSox Red and PGC1α in rats IVD. (H) Quantification of intensities according to MitoSox Red. (I) Quantification of specific immunofluorescence intensities according to PGC1α. (J) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of mitochondrial morphology in NP cells in rats IVD. Scale bar = 0.5 μm. Significance between four groups was calculated using two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6). (Scale bars = 400 μm; ∗: P < 0.05, ∗∗: P < 0.01, ∗∗∗: P < 0.005, and ∗∗∗∗: P < 0.001). Complete slides (A, C, E, G, and H) are in SI Fig. 5.