Fig. 2.

Preparation and characterization of the platelet-derived extracellular vesicles. (A) Schematic diagram of the preparation and injection of PEVs. (B) Cryo-TEM images of PLTs and PEVs. Scale bar ​= ​200 ​nm, 100 ​nm. (C) The size distribution analysis and surface zeta potential of PLTs and PEVs. (D) Stability of PLTs and PEVs in vitro. (E) The toxicity of different concentrations (0–200 ​μg/mL) and durations (0–7 days) of 100 ​μg/mL PEVs in NP cells by CCK-8 kit assay. (F) SDS-PAGE of PLTs and PEVs with Coomassie brilliant blue staining. (G) Western blot analysis of CD41, TSG101, βactin, GAPDH, CD63, and CD9 from the PLT and PEV lysates. Quantification of CD41 protein is in SI Fig. 3. Uncropped gel is in SI Fig. 4A. (H) The amount of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα cytokines from PLTs and PEVs in the absence and presence of thrombin. The significance between every two groups was calculated using a two-tailed Student's t-test (H) or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post-hoc test (D–E). Data are presented as mean ​± ​SD (n ​= ​3). (Scale bars are listed above; ∗: P ​< ​0.05, ∗∗: P ​< ​0.01, ∗∗∗: P ​< ​0.005, and ∗∗∗∗: P ​< ​0.001).