Table 9.

COVID-19 cases, governmental responses, and labor market participation outcomes, with household type and geography interactions.

Panel A: COVID-19 cases and labor market participation outcomes
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Working any activity	Farm activities	Non-farm business	Wage employment
Post dummy (2020 round)	−0.259***	−0.274***	−0.235***	−0.108***
	(0.018)	(0.023)	(0.027)	(0.020)
COVID-19 cases*Urban	−0.041**	−0.069***	−0.033**	−0.027***
	(0.020)	(0.018)	(0.014)	(0.010)
COVID-19 cases*Remote	−0.020**	−0.037***	−0.024**	−0.009
	(0.008)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)
COVID-19 cases*Asset Poor	−0.000	−0.040***	−0.008*	0.011
	(0.011)	(0.013)	(0.005)	(0.009)
COVID-19 cases*North East Zone	−0.014*	−0.065***	−0.047***	−0.015
	(0.008)	(0.016)	(0.014)	(0.016)
Household fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
R-squared	0.22	0.14	0.15	0.08
No. observations	3764	3764	3764	3764
Panel B: Government lockdown measures and labor market participation outcomes
Post dummy (2020 round)	−0.263***	−0.238***	−0.263***	−0.115***
	(0.017)	(0.023)	(0.025)	(0.018)
Lockdown*Urban*Post	−0.042*	0.159**	0.006	−0.118***
	(0.025)	(0.078)	(0.055)	(0.042)
Lockdown*Remote*Post	−0.043	−0.124***	−0.086*	−0.043
	(0.033)	(0.045)	(0.047)	(0.044)
Lockdown*Asset poor tercile*Post	−0.031	−0.158***	0.087	0.078**
	(0.050)	(0.055)	(0.062)	(0.039)
Household fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
R-squared	0.22	0.14	0.15	0.08
No. observations	3764	3764	3764	3764

Note: All estimations are adjusted by sampling weights for accounting non-response in the phone survey. The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases is transformed using inverse hyperbolic sine transformation to keep zero cases for few states. Lockdown stands for indicator variables for those states who introduced lockdown measures to contain the spread of the virus. Standard errors, clustered at EA level, are given in parentheses. * p < 0.10, ^**p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.01.

Source: Authors' calculations based on Nigeria LSMS-ISA 2018–19 and 2020 rounds.