Table 2.

Observed patterns in impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on SSF supply chains, associated adaptive responses of supply chain actors (including both innovative actions and coping strategies), apparent limitations on adaptive responses, and preliminary combined effects of impacts and responses. Case studies in which the patterns were observed are noted in parentheses following the disruption description. Domains of adaptive capacity relevant to innovations, coping, or limiting adaptive responses are noted in parentheses, where A = assets, G = agency, F = flexibility, O = organization, and L = learning.

Supply chain disruptions	Adaptive responses		Limitation(s) on adaptive responses	Preliminary impacts
	Innovative actions	Coping strategies
Export-oriented distribution channels inoperable (AE, PE, LE, CU)	Build local consumer base using social media or online sales to increase visibility or shift consumption norms (O, L, F, G, A)	Trade activity shifts to existing local or regional distribution channels (F, O)	•Disconnect between producers and consumers (F) •Lacking local organization to develop new supply chains (O) •No local market for niche products (F)	•Reduced overall demand •Reduced or no work and income for fishers and other actors •Loss of access to food and nutrition source for usual consumers •Some investment in building local networks
Food distribution by smaller fisheries inhibited due to exclusion from defined essential activities or bureaucratic barriers (AD, PE, PD)	Leverage pre-existing social networks to access legal permission to distribute (O, G)	Trade activity shifts to existing local or regional distribution channels (F, O)	•Exclusive bureaucratic operations (G, O, F) •Lack of access to knowledge regarding options and rights (A, L, O)	Reduced distribution and sales overall
Loss of restaurant-oriented supply chains (CU, PE, PD)	Promote in-home consumption (F, L, O, G, A)	Shift distribution to retail markets (F)	•Lack of storage (A) •Social norms inhibit shifts in consumption (F, L)	•Reduced overall demand •Reduced or no work and income for fishers and other actors •Fish wastage
Initial glut of harvest with no market access (AE, CU, LE, LD, PE)	None	Some fishers opt to consume fish to avoid losses, despite being considered undesirable locally (F, G)	•Lack of storage (A) •Social norms inhibit shifts in consumption (F, L)	●Initial economic losses ●Fish wastage
Reduced demand due to reduced income and financial insecurity amongst consumers (LE, PE, PD)	Build local consumer base using social media to increase visibility (O, L, F, G, A)	Lower frequency of fishing trips and volumes captured to reduce expenditures (F, G)	•Lack of savings and assets to cover income reduction (A) •Trip costs place a barrier on price minimum (F)	●Lower seafood prices ●Reduced overall demand ●Reduced or no work and income for fishers and other actors ●Shifts in demand toward less expensive protein options