Table 1.
Summary of included articles
| Author/date | Location | Sample | Assessment and Outcome | Correlates of PA observed | Correlates of sedentary behaviour observed | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Measurement tool | Variable | SEF Domain | Variable | SEF Domain | |||
| Ajja et al., 2014 [19] | United States | 20 ASPs; 1302 children (5–12 years old); 53.6% boys; 56.1% White | Minutes of MVPA (indoor/outdoor) | Actigraph accelerometer | % local pop. in poverty | Community | % local pop. in poverty | Community |
| Minutes of sedentary behaviour | Actigraph accelerometer | Free play | Institutional | Age of child | Individual | |||
| PA policy characteristics | HAPI-PA Scale | Ethnicity | Individual | BMI | Individual | |||
| BMI | Individual | Ethnicity (non-white) | Individual | |||||
| Age of child | Individual | Size of used PA space | Institutional | |||||
| Size of used PA space | Institutional | Free play | Institutional | |||||
| Supportive PA policy characteristics | Institutional | Supportive PA policy characteristics | Institutional | |||||
| Beets et al., 2012 [20] | United States | 3 ASPs; 245 children (mean age 8.2 years old); 48% boys; 60% White | Minutes of MVPA | Actigraph accelerometer | Minutes in attendance | Individual | ||
| Steps | Walk4Life MVPA pedometer | Meeting 30 min MVPA guideline | Individual | |||||
| Beets et al., 2013 [21] | United States | 18 ASPs; 1241 children (5–12 years old); 50% boys; 59% White | Minutes of MVPA | Actigraph accelerometer | PA evaluation (limited with nonvalid methods) | Institutional | Activities appealing to both genders | Institutional |
| Minutes of sedentary behaviour | Actigraph accelerometer | PA policy (non-specific language) | Institutional | Scheduled PA time (< 25% schedule) | Institutional | |||
| PA policy environment characteristics | Scheduled PA time (50% or more) | Institutional | Child feedback (formal collection) | Institutional | ||||
| Staff PA training (< 1 h) | Institutional | Child feedback (informal collection) | Institutional | |||||
| Staff PA training (1 to 4 h) | Institutional | Scheduled PA time (25–49% schedule) | Institutional | |||||
| Scheduled activities (limited) | Institutional | Scheduled PA time (50% or more) | Institutional | |||||
| Scheduled PA time (< 25% schedule) | Institutional | Staff PA training (< 1 h) | Institutional | |||||
| Child feedback (informal collection) | Institutional | PA curriculum (non-evidence based) | Institutional | |||||
| PA curriculum (non-evidence based) | Institutional | PA evaluation (limited with nonvalid methods) | Institutional | |||||
| Activities appealing to both genders | Institutional | PA policy (non-specific language) | Institutional | |||||
| Child feedback (formal collection) | Institutional | PA training delivered by noncertified personnel | Institutional | |||||
| Scheduled activities (diverse) | Institutional | Scheduled activities (diverse) | Institutional | |||||
| PA training delivered by noncertified personnel | Institutional | Scheduled activities (limited) | Institutional | |||||
| Scheduled PA time (25–49% schedule) | Institutional | Staff PA training (1 to 4 h) | Institutional | |||||
| Beets et al., 2015 [22] | United States | 19 ASPs; 812 children (6–12 years old); 53% boys; 61% White non-Hispanic | Minutes of total PA | Actigraph accelerometer | BMI | Individual | ||
| Minutes of MVPA | Actigraph accelerometer | School-based ASP | Institutional | |||||
| Meeting PA policy benchmarks | Ethnicity (non-white) | Individual | ||||||
| Age of child | Individual | |||||||
| Attended faith-based ASP | Institutional | |||||||
| Sex | Individual | |||||||
| Beets et al., 2016 [23] | United States | 20 ASPs; 1408 children (5–12 years old); 56% boys | Minutes of MVPA | Actigraph accelerometer | % PA opportunities dedicated for free play (45–74%) | Institutional | % PA opportunities dedicated for free play (45–74%) | Institutional |
| Minutes of sedentary behaviour | Actigraph accelerometer | Scheduled PA time (110–160 min) | Institutional | % PA opportunities dedicated for free play (75–100%) | Institutional | |||
| Program characteristics | Review of schedules; direct observation | Scheduled PA time (90–105 min) | Institutional | Annual organisation revenue (approx $2–4 million) | Institutional | |||
| Sedentary option during PA time (60 min) | Institutional | Annual organisation revenue (approx $5–20 million) | Institutional | |||||
| Sedentary option during PA time (75–120 min) | Institutional | Attending YMCA ASP | Institutional | |||||
| Annual organisation revenue (approx $2–4 million) | Institutional | Scheduled PA time (110–160 min) | Institutional | |||||
| Annual organisation revenue (approx $5–20 million) | Institutional | Scheduled PA time (90–105 min) | Institutional | |||||
| Attending YMCA ASP | Institutional | Sedentary option during PA time (60 min) | Institutional | |||||
| Outdoor PA space (approx 231 k-281 k ft2) | Institutional | Sedentary option during PA time (75–120 min) | Institutional | |||||
| Outdoor PA space (approx 85 k-200 k ft2) | Institutional | Indoor PA space (4461–6009 ft2) | Institutional | |||||
| % PA opportunities dedicated for free play (75–100%) | Institutional | Indoor PA space (7344–15,056 ft2) | Institutional | |||||
| Indoor PA space (4461–6009 ft2) | Institutional | Outdoor PA space (approx 231 k-281 k ft2) | Institutional | |||||
| Indoor PA space (7344–15,056 ft2) | Institutional | Outdoor PA space (approx 85 k-200 k ft2) | Institutional | |||||
| Staff PA training (1 or more hours) | Institutional | Staff PA training (1 or more hours) | Institutional | |||||
| Brazendale et al., 2015 [24] | United States | 20 ASPs; 1248 children (5–12 years old); 53% boys | Scheduled PA time | Schedule review | Scheduled PA time (< 60 min) | Institutional | ||
| Minutes of MVPA | Actigraph accelerometer | Scheduled PA time (> 60 min) | Institutional | |||||
| Scheduled PA time (≈ 45 min) | Institutional | |||||||
| Scheduled PA time (≤ 30 min) | Institutional | |||||||
| Scheduled PA time (≥ 105 min) | Institutional | |||||||
| Scheduled PA time (60 min) | Institutional | |||||||
| Scheduled PA time (75 min) | Institutional | |||||||
| Burrows et al., 2014 [25] | Canada | 2 ASPs; 40 children (6–10 years old); 42% boys | FMS proficiency | Test of Gross Motor Development 2 | Attended sport-based ASP | Institutional | ||
| Low-organised game ASP | Institutional | |||||||
| Crowe et al., 2021 [26] | Australia | 89 ASPs; 4408 children (5–12 years old); 42% boys | Child physical activity | Actigraph accelerometer | Sex | Individual | Sex | Individual |
| Physical activity policies | HAAND | Grade | Individual | Grade | Individual | |||
| Physical activity promotion practices | SOSPAN | PA policy | Institutional | |||||
| Type and structure of physical activity | SOSPAN | Staff PA training | Institutional | |||||
| Available PA space | Craftright measuring wheel | PA promotion material | Institutional | |||||
| Screen time availability | Institutional | |||||||
| Handheld device availability | Institutional | |||||||
| Children input in daily programming | Institutional | |||||||
| Scheduled free play | Institutional | |||||||
| Organised PA | Institutional | |||||||
| Children engaged in PA | Individual | |||||||
| Children stand and wait during PA games | Interpersonal | |||||||
| Elimination games | Institutional | |||||||
| Staff engaged in PA | Interpersonal | |||||||
| Domazet et al., 2015 [27] | Denmark | 10 ASPs; 475 children (5–11 years old); 41% boys | MVPA minutes | Actigraph accelerometer | Attended regular ASP | Institutional | Attended non sport-based ASP | Institutional |
| Cardiovascular fitness | Attended sport-based ASP | Institutional | Attended sport-based ASP | Institutional | ||||
| Huberty et al., 2013 [28] | United States | 12 ASPs; 888 children (mean age 8.7 years old); 44% boys; 77% White non-Hispanic | Staff behaviour | SOPLAY | Minutes of scheduled PA | Institutional | ||
| Scans observed sedentary | SOPLAY | Organised PA | Institutional | |||||
| Scans observed walking | SOPLAY | PA equipment available | Institutional | |||||
| Scans observed vigorous | SOPLAY | Staff engaged in PA | Interpersonal | |||||
| Staff off task during PA | Interpersonal | |||||||
| Staff other duties during PA | Interpersonal | |||||||
| Staff promoting PA | Interpersonal | |||||||
| Total number of boys/girls | Institutional | |||||||
| Kuritz et al., 2020 [29] | Germany | ASPs; 198 children | % of time in sedentary, LPA & MVPA | Actigraph accelerometer | Minutes in attendance | Individual | Sex | Individual |
| Socio-demographic data | Motorik-Modul activity questionnaire | Sex | Individual | Grade (year 1 only) | Individual | |||
| Age of child | Individual | Minutes in attendance | Individual | |||||
| Londal et al., 2020 [30] | Norway | 14 ASPs; 42 children (Grade 1); 52% boys | Time in sedentary behaviour, total PA and MVPA | Actigraph accelerometer | Outdoor PA (comparison indoor) | Institutional | Sex | Individual |
| PA periods | Observation form | Sex | Individual | |||||
| Maher et al., 2019 [31] | Australia | 23 ASPs; 1068 children | Service contexual information and policies | HAAND | Number of active play zones available | Institutional | % of session in MVPA | Institutional |
| Sedentary, LPA, MVPA | SOPLAY | Outdoor play duration | Institutional | Availability of screen before 5 pm | Institutional | |||
| Staff PA and nutrition promotion behaviours | SOSPAN | Screen availability | Institutional | Screen availability | Institutional | |||
| Total number of screen devices | Institutional | Service size | Institutional | |||||
| Availability of screens before 5 pm | Institutional | Number of active play zones available | Institutional | |||||
| Service size | Institutional | Outdoor play duration | Institutional | |||||
| Staff promoting PA | Interpersonal | Staff promoting PA | Interpersonal | |||||
| Staff witholding PA | Interpersonal | Staff witholding PA | Interpersonal | |||||
| Total number of screen devices | Institutional | |||||||
| Riiser et al., 2019 [32] | Norway | 14 ASPs; 426 children (Grade 1); 52% boys | Physical activity | Actigraph accelerometer | BMI | Individual | BMI | Individual |
| Child biometrics | Sex | Individual | Sex | Individual | ||||
| Rosenkranz et al., 2011 [33] | United States | 7 ASPs 230 children (grade 3 and 4) | Physical activity | Actigraph accelerometer | Child self-efficacy | Individual | ||
| PA enjoyment | Individual | |||||||
| Sex | Individual | |||||||
| BMI | Individual | |||||||
| Parent PA social support | Interpersonal | |||||||
| Child socioeconomic status | Individual | |||||||
| Ethnicity (non-white) | Individual | |||||||
| Trost et al., 2008 [34] | United States | 7 ASPs; 147 children (mean age 10.1 years old); 54% male | Physical activity | Actigraph accelerometer | BMI | Individual | BMI | Individual |
| Height and weight | Anthropometric measures | Sex | Individual | Sex | Individual | |||
| Indoor free play (comparison academic time) | Institutional | |||||||
| Indoor free play (comparison indoor organised PA) | Institutional | |||||||
| Indoor free play (comparison outdoor free play) | Institutional | |||||||
| Indoor free play (comparison outdoor organised PA) | Institutional | |||||||
| Indoor free play (comparison snack time) | Institutional | |||||||
| Indoor organised PA (comparison academic time) | Institutional | |||||||
| Indoor organised PA (comparison outdoor free play) | Institutional | |||||||
| Indoor organised PA (comparison outdoor organised PA) | Institutional | |||||||
| Indoor organised PA (comparison snack time) | Institutional | |||||||
| Outdoor free play (comparison academic time) | Institutional | |||||||
| Outdoor free play (comparison outdoor organised PA) | Institutional | |||||||
| Outdoor free play (comparison snack time) | Institutional | |||||||
| Outdoor organised PA (comparison academic time) | Institutional | |||||||
| Outdoor organised PA (comparison snack time) | Institutional | |||||||
| Snack time (comparison academic time) | Institutional | |||||||
| Weaver et al., 2014 [35] | United States | 4 ASPs; Undisclosed | Staff PA and nutrition promotion behaviours | SOSPAN | Children stand and wait during PA games | Institutional | Scheduled enrichment | Institutional |
| Scans observed sedentary | SOPLAY | Elimination PA games | Institutional | Children stand and wait during PA games | Institutional | |||
| Scans observed walking | SOPLAY | Idle time | Institutional | Elimination PA games | Institutional | |||
| Scans observed vigorous | SOPLAY | Scheduled academics | Institutional | Scheduled snack | Institutional | |||
| Scheduled activity rotation | Institutional | Idle time | Institutional | |||||
| Scheduled bathroom | Institutional | Scheduled academics | Institutional | |||||
| Scheduled enrichment | Institutional | Scheduled activity rotation | Institutional | |||||
| Scheduled snack | Institutional | Scheduled bathroom | Institutional | |||||
| Staff discipline children | Interpersonal | Staff discipline children | Interpersonal | |||||
| Staff discouraging PA | Interpersonal | Staff discouraging PA | Interpersonal | |||||
| Staff engaged in PA | Interpersonal | Staff engaged in PA | Interpersonal | |||||
| Staff giving instructions during PA | Interpersonal | Staff giving instructions during PA | Interpersonal | |||||
| Staff leading PA | Interpersonal | Staff leading PA | Interpersonal | |||||
| Staff off task during PA | Interpersonal | Staff off task during PA | Interpersonal | |||||
| Staff other duties during PA | Interpersonal | Staff other task during PA | Interpersonal | |||||
| Staff promoting PA | Interpersonal | Staff promoting PA | Interpersonal | |||||
| Staff witholding PA | Interpersonal | Staff witholding PA | Interpersonal | |||||
| Zarrett et al., 2015 [36] | United States | 7 ASPs; Undisclosed (7–12 years old); 56% male | PA levels in METS | SOPLAY | Average temperature | Community | ||
| Social and environment context of PA | SOPLAY | Children appear engaged | Individual | |||||
| Social-motivational climate of ASPs | MCOT-PA | Clear PA rules | Institutional | |||||
| Free play | Institutional | |||||||
| Organised PA | Institutional | |||||||
| PA activity includes most children | Institutional | |||||||
| PA equipment available | Institutional | |||||||
| Staff encouraging out-of-program PA | Interpersonal | |||||||
| Staff engaged in PA | Interpersonal | |||||||
| Staff leading PA | Interpersonal | |||||||
| Staff promoting PA | Interpersonal | |||||||
| Staff supervision | Interpersonal | |||||||
| Staff supervising PA | Interpersonal | |||||||
| Usable environment | Institutional | |||||||
| Youth interacting positively with one another | Interpersonal | |||||||
Abbreviations: ASPs after school programs, BMI body mass index, HAAND Healthy Afterschool Activity and Nutrition Documentation, HAPI-PA Healthy Afterschool Program Index-Physical Activity scale, LPA light physical activity, MCOT-PA Motivational Climate Observation Tool for Physical Activity, MPA moderate physical activity, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, PA physical activity, SEF social ecological framework, SOPLAY System for Observing Play and Leisure in Youth, SOSPAN System for Observing Staff Promotion of Physical Activity and Nutrition