Table 1. Effects of Mulberry leaf flavonoids on different rumen fermentation parameters in buffalo.

Parameter	Control	MLF15	MLF30	MLF45	SEM	p Value
						Treat	Linear	Quadratic
Acetate (mmol/L)	13.47b	15.27ab	14.98ab	17.38a	0.79	0.047	0.012	0.714
Propionate (mmol/L)	9.47b	8.98b	11.46b	14.83a	0.85	0.005	0.001	0.053
Acetate/Propionate	1.42b	1.70a	1.30bc	1.17c	0.04	0.001	1.000	0.001
Butyrate (mmol/L)	4.44	5.45	5.14	5.24	0.54	0.595	0.406	0.425
Total VFA (mmol/L)	27.39b	29.70b	31.59ab	37.46a	1.82	0.023	0.004	0.357
pH	6.59	6.73	6.59	6.46	0.15	0.683	0.471	0.394
NH3-N (mg/dL)	9.27b	8.82b	10.76ab	11.28a	0.58	0.049	0.015	0.426
MCP (mg/dL)	14.08b	14.83b	16.19ab	17.12a	0.64	0.040	0.006	0.894

Note:

Values with different superscripts (a,b,c) in the same row indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05)