Table 1.
Summary of previous empirical studies on the relationship between logistics performance, economic and environmental indicators.
| Authors | Sample | Data Period | Methodology | Variables | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khan and Qianli (2017) | UK | 1981–2016 | ARDL | Green Logistics, GHG emissions, fossil fuel, and renewable energy, FDI inflows, per capita income | GL→RE and (FDI, RE, Y)→GL |
| Zaman and Shamsuddin (2017) | 27 European countries | 2007–2014 | GMM | LPI, FDI, industry value added and 7 distinct independent variables (GDP per unit of energy use, energy price and renewable energy consumption; fossil fuel energy consumption, CO2 emissions; per capita health expenditure, per capita GDP) | ↑LPIST→↑(Y, HE); ↑LPIQTTI→↑RE; ↑LPICCP→↓EP; ↑LPITTC→↑FE; ↑LPIQLS→↑C; ↑LPICPS→↑FE |
| Khan et al. (2018a) | 43 countries | 2007–2013 | OLS, FE, RE, GMM | LPI, energy demand, renewable energy demand, fossil fuel energy consumption, per capita GDP, health expenditure, GHG emissions, CO2 emissions, FDI, industry and agriculture value added, export and import of goods and services | ↑FE→↑LPI and ↑RE→↓Y |
| Liu et al. (2018) | 42 Asian countries | 2007–2016 | GMM | LPI, trade openness, CO2 emissions, urbanization, industrialization | ↑LPI→↓C and ↑(TO, URB)→↑C |
| Lu et al. (2019) | 112 countries | 2010–2018 | RAM-DEA | Environmental LPI, Oil consumption from transportation, LPI, CO2 emissions from transportation | ↑LPI→↑ELPI |
| Khan et al. (2019) | SAARC countries | 2001–2016 | GMM, FGLS | LPI, fossil fuel and renewable energy consumption, health expenditure, CO2 emissions, GHG emissions, political instability index, social globalization index, trade openness, GDP per capita, FDI, agriculture value added, industry value added | ↑FEC→↑C, ↓LPI→↑(C, HE, GHG, PII), ↑LPI→↑(TO, Y) and ↑LPI→↓C |
| Khan (2019) | ASEAN countries | 2007–2018 | GMM | OLPI, CO2 emissions, GDP, health expenditure, poverty | ↑(LPI, P)→↑C |
| Khan et al. (2020a) | ASEAN countries | 2007–2018 | Structural Model | LPI, CO2 emissions, GHG emissions, renewable energy consumption, health expenditure, FDI, trade openness | ↑LPI→↑Y ↓C→↑Y, ↑HE→↓C and ↑HE→↓Y |
| Khan et al. (2020b) | 42 countries | 2007–2018 | OLS | OLPI, CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, energy demand, GDP per unit of energy use, FDI | ↑LPI→↑(FDI, REC, ED) and ↑LPI→↓C |
| Suki et al. (2021) | 15 Asian countries | 2010–2018 | CS-ARDL | LPI, capital, labor, urbanization, GDP, CO2 emissions | ↑LPI→↑Y and ↑LPI→↓C |
| Li et al. (2021) | OBRI countries | 2007–2019 | 2SLS, GMM | Green logistics, Industry value-added, fossil fuel consumption, agriculture value-added, FDI, CO2 emissions | ↑LPI→↑Y (OBRI, Europe and MENA economies) and ↑LPI→↓C (Europe and East and Southeast Asian regions) |
| Larson (2021) | 160 countries | 2016 | OLS | LPI, GDP, GHG, employment, energy use, 10-year change in forest area, income distribution, education, gender equality, health | ↑(EMP, ID, EDU, GE, H) →↑LPI and ↑LPI→↑(Y, C) |
| Sohail et al. (2021) | Pakistan | 1991–2019 | N-ARDL | GDP, CO2 emissions, air passenger carried, railway passenger carried, population | ↑(APC, RPC) →↑C |
Source: our elaborations.
Notes: APC: Air passenger carried; C: CO2 emissions; ED: Energy demand; EDU: Education; EMP: Employment; EP: Energy price; FDI: Foreign Direct Investment; FE: Fossil energy consumption; GE: Gender equality; GHG: Greenhouse gas emissions; GL: Green logistics; H: Health; HE: Health expenditures; ID: Income distribution; LPI: Logistics performance indexes; OLPI: Overall Logistics performance index; LPIST: Logistics performance index measuring the frequency with which shipments reach consignee within scheduled or expected time; LPIQTTI: Logistics performance index measuring the quality of trade and transport-related infrastructure; LPICCP: Logistics performance index measuring the efficiency of customs clearance process; LPITTC: Logistics performance index measuring the ability to trace and trace consignments; LPIQLS: Logistics performance index measuring the competence and quality of logistics services; LPICPS: Logistics performance index measuring the ease of arranging competitively priced shipments. OBRI: One Belt and Road Initiative. P: Poverty; PII: Political Instability Index; REC: Renewable energy consumption; RPC: Railway passenger carried; TO: Trade openness; URB: Urbanization; Y: economic growth.
Methodologies: 2SLS: 2 Stages Least Squares; ARDL: Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag; CS-ARDL: Cross-Sectionally augmented AutoRegressive Distributed Lag; FE: Fixed Effects; FGLS: Feasible Generalized Least Squares; GMM: Generalized Method of Moments; N-ARDL: Non-Linear AutoRegressive Distributed Lag; OLS: Ordinary Least Squares; RAM-DEA: Range-Adjusted Measure of the Data Envelopment Analysis; RE: Random Effects.