Fig. 1.

The pathogenesis mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and exososme-related transmission. The internalization process of SARS-CoV-2 is primarily orchestrated by the interaction of S and ACE2 receptors expressed by human cells which are facilitated by the cleavage of S protein priming by TMPRSS2. Then, SARS-CoV-2 starts to replicate inside the cell and is released after assembling into new viruses which are followed by immune activation and cytokine storm. Through this process EVs containing viral particles can infect distant cells through secreted soluble factors, such as hormones and cytokines, to signal propagation.