Table 9.
Country-level OLS Regression Results of Government stringency and Indulgence on Social Distancing.
| Residential areas | Workplaces | Parks | Transit Stations | Retail and Recreation | Grocery and Pharmacy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A. Economies with at least 60% Smartphone penetration | ||||||
| Government stringency | 0.22*** | −0.30*** | −0.02*** | −0.12*** | −0.12*** | −0.31*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Indulgence | 0.01 | −0.02*** | 0.00 | −0.03*** | −0.00 | −0.04*** |
| (0.49) | (0.01) | (1.00) | (0.00) | (0.91) | (0.00) | |
| Log GDP per capita | 0.06*** | −0.04*** | −0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01* | 0.04*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.99) | (0.81) | (0.06) | (0.00) | |
| Number of observations | 4814 | 4818 | 4818 | 4818 | 4818 | 4808 |
| Number of economies | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 |
| Panel B. Economies with at least 50% Smartphone penetration | ||||||
| Government stringency | 0.18*** | −0.30*** | −0.03*** | −0.11*** | −0.11*** | −0.29*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Indulgence | 0.04*** | −0.03*** | −0.01*** | −0.03*** | −0.01*** | −0.05*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Log GDP per capita | 0.02*** | −0.05*** | 0.02*** | −0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.55) | (0.65) | (0.00) | |
| Number of observations | 6712 | 6716 | 6716 | 6716 | 6716 | 6706 |
| Number of economies | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 |
| Panel C. Economies with at least 40% Smartphone penetration | ||||||
| Government stringency | 0.16*** | −0.27*** | −0.03*** | −0.10*** | −0.10*** | −0.25*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Indulgence | 0.04*** | −0.02*** | −0.02*** | −0.02*** | −0.01*** | −0.05*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Log GDP per capita | 0.02*** | −0.05*** | 0.03*** | −0.00 | −0.00 | 0.02*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.27) | (0.94) | (0.00) | |
| Number of observations | 8026 | 8030 | 8030 | 8030 | 8030 | 8020 |
| Number of economies | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 |
| Panel D. All Economies with mobile cellular subscription | ||||||
| Government stringency | 0.16*** | −0.24*** | −0.03*** | −0.09*** | −0.10*** | −0.23*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Indulgence | 0.04*** | −0.02*** | −0.02*** | −0.02*** | −0.01*** | −0.04*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Log GDP per capita | −0.01** | −0.07*** | 0.04*** | −0.01*** | −0.00 | 0.05*** |
| (0.02) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.31) | (0.00) | |
| Log Mobile cellular | 0.02*** | 0.01* | −0.02*** | 0.00 | −0.00 | −0.03*** |
| (0.00) | (0.07) | (0.00) | (0.52) | (0.19) | (0.00) | |
| Number of observations | 11,637 | 11,680 | 11,680 | 11,680 | 11,680 | 11,670 |
| Number of economies | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 |
| Panel E. OECD economies with all levels of Smartphone penetration | ||||||
| Government stringency | 0.22*** | −0.31*** | −0.02*** | −0.13*** | −0.12*** | −0.28*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Indulgence | 0.05*** | −0.02*** | −0.02*** | −0.03*** | −0.01*** | −0.05*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Log GDP per capita | −0.00 | −0.04*** | 0.03*** | −0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06*** |
| (0.48) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.78) | (0.27) | (0.00) | |
| Smartphone penetration | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| (.) | (.) | (.) | (.) | (.) | (.) | |
| Number of observations | 5106 | 5110 | 5110 | 5110 | 5110 | 5100 |
| Number of economies | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 |
| Panel F. Non-OECD economies with all levels of Smartphone penetration | ||||||
| Government stringency | 0.11*** | −0.19*** | −0.03*** | −0.07*** | −0.08*** | −0.15*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Indulgence | 0.04*** | −0.02*** | −0.02*** | −0.02*** | −0.01*** | −0.03*** |
| (0.00) | (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Log GDP per capita | 0.11*** | −0.25*** | −0.04 | −0.06** | −0.07** | −0.19*** |
| (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.28) | (0.03) | (0.05) | (0.00) | |
| Smartphone penetration | −0.10** | 0.21*** | 0.04 | 0.05* | 0.06* | 0.21*** |
| (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.26) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.00) | |
| Number of observations | 6531 | 6570 | 6570 | 6570 | 6570 | 6570 |
| Number of economies | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 |
Notes: We report standardized beta coefficients and p-values in parentheses (* p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01). Due to limited space, we only report results on the main variables.