Table 2.
Demographic, cerebrovascular disease phenotype and HIV factors in PLWH and cerebrovascular disease across the decades in LMICs
| Author and year | Country | Setting | Age (yrs) | Female (%) | CD4 count cells/mm3 | ART use (%) | Co-morbidities (%) | Prevalence of Surrogate markers of CVD | Prevalence of HIV in patients with CVD (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hoffman 2000 | S. Africa | Hospital- inpatient | 29* | 41 | - | ND | ND | Carotid occlusions/low velocity: 24% | - |
| Mochan 2003 | S. Africa | Hospital- inpatient | 32* | 60 |
< 200 in 40% 200–500 in 37% > 500 in 23% |
0 |
HTN 6 AF 0 PFO 0 Meningitis 25 Coagulopathy 49 |
Carotid plaque: 0% | - |
| Connor 2004 | S. Africa | Community | 25–34** | 52.7 | - | - | - | - | 1.94 |
| Deshpande 2005 | India | Combination Hospital inpatient / outpatient |
15–45 = 75% 46–60 = 25% |
ND |
< 100 in 5% 100–200 in 40% 200–500 in 50% > 500 in 5% |
0 | ND | ND | - |
| Kumwenda 2005 | Malawi | Hospital- inpatient | 38* | 75 | AIDS in 53% | ND |
HTN 11 DM 2 Smokers 7 Alcohol 6 |
Carotid plaque: 0% | 48 |
| Patel 2005 | S. Africa | Hospital- inpatient | ND | 51.8 | - | ND |
HTN 10.7 DM 1.8 Smoking 12.5 Alcohol 5.4 |
ND | 19 |
| Jowi 2007 | Kenya | Hospital- inpatient | 39* | 42.1 | 120* | 72 | ND | ND | |
| Tipping 2007 | S. Africa | Hospital- inpatient | 33* | ND |
< 200 in 46% > 200 in 54% |
12 |
HTN 10 DM 0 Smoking 27 Alcohol 28 Co-infection 37 |
Intracranial vasculopathy: 20% Extracranial vasculopathy: 11% | 6 |
| Jowi 2008 | India | Hospital Inpatient | - | - | - | - | 2.5 | ||
| Onwuchekwa 2008 | Nigeria | Hospital inpatient | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7.4 |
| Benjamin Longo-Mbenza 2011 | DRC | Hospital inpatient | 43 | 54 | 107 | - |
HTN 100 DM 94 Smoking 100 Obesity 94 Excess alcohol 94 |
ND | 15 |
| Heikinheimo 2012 | Malawi | Combination Hospital Inpatient / Outpatient | 40* | 52.0 | WHO Stage 1/2 in 78% | 22 |
HTN 24 DM 6 Dyslipidemia 14 Smoking 14 |
ND | 34 |
| Lee 2012 | Thailand | Hospital- inpatient | 51* | 19 | 287* | 48.6 |
HTN: 18.9 DM: 5.4 Dyslipidemia: 21.6 Smoking: 37.8 AF: 5.4 IVDU: 10.8 TB meningitis: 10.8 Cryptococcal meningitis:2.7 |
ND | - |
| Cumming 2013 | Thailand | Hospital- Inpatient | 41* | 30.8 | ND | ND |
HTN: 9 DM: 3.3 Anaemia: 12.9 |
ND | 0.14 |
| Benjamin 2016# | Malawi | Hospital- inpatient and community | 40** | 55 | - | 40 |
HTN 42 DM 3 Smoking 9 Alcohol 21 |
Intracranial and extracranial vasculopathy:38% | 37 |
| Benjamin 2017# | Malawi | Hospital- inpatient | 40** | 55 | 190** | 47 |
HTN42 DM3 Smoking 9 Alcohol 21 |
ND | 31 |
| Zimba 2017 | Zambia | CombinationHospital inpatient / Outpatient | 52* | 56 | 431* | 69 |
HTN:50 DM: 15 Smoking: 4 Alcohol: 19 Obesity: 4 |
ND | - |
| Kamtchum-Tatuene, 2018# | Malawi | Combination Hospital Inpatient / Outpatient | 40** | 50.0 | 136** | 39.6 |
HTN:39.6 DM: 2.1 Dyslipidemia: 14.6 Smoking: 14.6 Alcohol: 21.2 |
ND | - |
|
Chow 2018 |
China | Outpatient | 41 | 13 | 467* | - |
HTN < 10 Dyslipidemia: 18 Smoking: 27 DM: < 10 Alcohol: > 25 |
ND | ND |
| Kamtchum-Tatuene, 2019# | Malawi | Hospital- inpatient | 42** | 52.6 | 260* | 47.4 |
HTN: 63.2 DM: 0 Smoking: 5.3 Alcohol: 10.5 |
ND | 31 |
| Mapoure 2019 | Cameroon | Hospital- inpatient | 51** | 35 | 351* | 83 | HTN: 65 | ND | 7 |
| Hiransuthikul 2019 | Thailand | Outpatient | 55 | 39.5 | 616 | - | - | - | - |
| Hiransuthikul 2021 | Thailand | Hospital- inpatient | 53** | 22 | 295** | 74 |
HTN: 52 Dyslipidemia: 62 Smoking: 55 DM: 28 Alcohol: 45 |
ND | 1 |
| Kroon 2021 | South Africa | Hospital- inpatient | 41* | 52.9 | < 250 in 68.8% | 56.3 |
HTN: 81 Co-infection: 78 Dyslipidemia: 62 |
ND | 23 |
| Kuate 2021 | Cameroon | Hospital- inpatient | 52* | 69.8 | 304* | 58.1 |
HTN 72.1 DM 7 Smoking 34.9 Alcohol 48.8 |
Framingham Score: Low: 67.4% Intermediate/High: 32.6% |
- |
| Zimba 2021 | Zambia | Hospital- inpatient | 48* | 60 | 260** | 83 |
HTN: 65 No CVD risk factors:34 |
ND | 21 |
Abbreviations: ND, not documented; NA, not applicable; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; AF, atrial fibrillation; PFO, patent foramen ovale; TB, tuberculosis; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale – median score unless otherwise stated; ART, anti-retroviral therapy; CVD = cerebrovascular disease; PLWHIV, people living with HIV
*Mean of PLWH **median of PLWH #data extracted from the same cohort.= PLWH specific data not listed. Studies included where cerebrovascular disease was a primary outcome