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. 2022 Dec 17;12:21833. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26020-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative sperm tracks in the three main clusters (a) and distribution of spermatozoa with cytoplasmic droplet (CD) or bent tail compared to sperm with normal tail morphology (normal sperm) in nine kinematic clusters (b). Data are based on sperm tracks analysed after a 30-min incubation period at 38 °C in Beltsville Thawing Solution from extended semen samples (n = 10 boars) with enhanced prevalence (≥ 15%) of cytoplasmic droplets or bent tails. Only clusters containing at least 5% of sperm in any of the sperm subsets were considered for evaluation. Cramer’s V (range from 0 to 1) indicates the effect size of a certain morphological defect on sperm distribution to the different cluster (movement patterns). V < 0.1 = no effect; 0.1 ≤ V < 0.3 small effect; 0.3 ≤ V < 0.5 moderate effect; V ≥ 0.5 = large effect.