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. 2022 Dec 17;12:21833. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26020-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Impact of procaine on motility patterns of morphologically normal spermatozoa originating from extended semen samples with either enhanced (≥ 15% = high MAS; n = 10 boars) or low (< 5% = low MAS; n = 9 boars) prevalence of sperm with cytoplasmic droplets and/or bent tails. Extended semen samples were centrifuged, and pelleted sperm incubated in non-capacitating Tyrode’s medium without (control) or with 7.3 mM procaine for 10 min at 38 °C. Graphs (a) to (f) show the six major sperm subpopulations as described in Fig. 4. Boxes show the interquartile range. Vertical lines indicate minimum and maximum, while the horizontal line in the box indicates the median. An asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference between high MAS and low MAS samples (p < 0.05). A hash (#) indicates a significant difference between the sample treated with procaine and the respective control (p < 0.05).