Table 3.

A summary of the four in-depth case studies selected to illustrate types of responses to COVID19 in Latin America (detailed description of each case study in Appendix A).

Name of the initiative	COVID-19 threat and shocks experienced	Type of initiative	Strategies and emerging patterns	Vulnerability, exposure and capacity components
AGROPIA Native Potato producer association, Huancavelica, Peru	Communities' agricultural activities, harvesting and processing of products stopped. Roads and access were closed. Transport paralyzed in the country. Prices for agricultural products are very low. Production left in the fields.	Focused on food supply and value adding at local, regional and national levels. AGROPIA established in the 2000s with the support of the International Potato Centre in rural areas and indigenous communities. In 2020, 3 to 5 weeks after the start of the lockdown they engaged with Espiritu Andino, a Vodka producer, and started new commercialization circuits with local municipalities.	Cooperation and collective initiatives, with trust and communication synergies, reinforcing producer-consumer links. New markets and added value products. Partners in Lima facilitated solidarity economy through home food delivery & public agroecological fairs. Support of municipalities & public offices was key.	Strong communities' resilience and capacity to reduce vulnerability. Strong collective capacity of the producers to connect, collaborate and communicate with partners in Lima Producers have more income to diversify production & processing of their products.
Agroecological Farmers Markets - Porto Alegre, Brazil.	Restrictions to mobility (people and products). Strong reduction in product demand affected farmers' income.	Focused on short-chain markets and safety protocols for commercialization. Started in 1989 in urban and rural contexts. Short supply chain with critical role on food security. Organizational, relational, economic and technological capacities.	New partnerships to set up a multidisciplinary working group. Contingency Plan for COVID-19 damages. Measures updated weekly to reduce exposure to COVID-19 while maintaining activities. Frequent negotiation with the local government.	Reduction of socio economic vulnerability and food insecurity. Local capacities increased and farmers better prepared to face future challenges. The pandemic prompted social networking with leisure and learning spaces.
Municipal Program ‘San Martín Agroecológico, San juan, Argentina’.	Mobility was restricted or interrupted. Job insecurity and possible growth in unemployment, declining of economic activity. Increasing reliance on food coming from other localities.	Development of local agroecological markets and cultivation of abandoned land available in peri-urban and rural settings. Before the pandemic it was led by two local women. Now has multisectoral and municipal government recognition. Involves unemployed families, rural workers, especially women.	Expanded multisectoral cooperation and networking. The Committee of Emergency was created for technical support and for dialogue. Development of a consultative & technical team. Services and support offered by municipality (tractor, seeds, technical aid). 57 families organized into 8 groups of producers, total of 9.5 ha.	Socioeconomic vulnerability was reduced and food security increased. Social inclusion and population access to healthy food. Ceased the dependence on food from other localities. Technical agroecological capacities enhanced.
Producer-consumer network ‘Raízes da Mata’, Viçosa, Brazil.	Restrictions imposed on the circulation of people and products. Small food entrepreneurs and peasants were squeezed, especially those who relied on fairs to commercialize their products.	Focused on short and local circuits, involves peasants, producers and consumers. Food, cosmetics, hygienic material etc. Based on agroecology, community and solidarity economic values. Emerged in 2011, in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais. Peri-urban and rural context.	Strengthened producer-consumer link through material, organizational & technological resources. Expanded cooperation with other networks. Consumers increased from 25 to 70 weekly. Variety of products, farmers and producers' organisations, exchange increased by 37%, 237 products, from 15 peasants & 10 local organisations, weekly frequency.	Increased their reach by multiplying the number of suppliers and consumers during the pandemic. Increased food security in local peri-urban and rural areas, involving producers and consumers.