Table 2.
Univariate analysis of risk factors by dimensions of the MBI.
| Variables | Emotional exhaustionOR (95%CI) | DepersonalizationOR (95%CI) | Reduced personal accomplishmentOR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) * | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) *** | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) |
| Gender, ref = female | |||
| Male | 0.92 (0.70–1.23) | 2.34 (2.00–3.14) *** | 1.08 (0.80–1.47) |
| Seniority, year | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.95 (0.94–0.98) *** | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
| Children, ref = yes | |||
| No | 0.81 (0.64–1.04) | 1.51 (1.17–1.95) ** | 1.03 (0.81–1.30) |
| Diploma, ref = Bachelor's degree | |||
| Specialized nurses | 1.09 (0.74–1.48) | 1.16 (0.83–1.61) | 0.77 (0.55–1.09) |
| University diploma | 0.89 (0.51–1.57) | 0.92 (0.53–1.59) | 0.71 (0.41–1.24) |
| Specialized nurses and University diploma | 1.18 (0.42–3.30) | 0.73 (0.36–1.47) | 0.59 (0.29–1.19) |
| Nurses no bachelor | 1.27 (0.68–2.35) | 1.34 (0.74–2.41) | 1.02 (0.52–1.71) |
| Nurse-to-patient ratio, ref = 1:1 | |||
| 1:2 | 1.24 (0.81–1.75) | 1.02 (0.70–1.48) | 0.93 (0.57–1.42) |
| 1:3 | 1.86 (1.19–2.91) ** | 1.61 (1.00–2.58) * | 1.09 (0.67–1.76) |
| >1:3 | 2.18 (1.94–5.03) * | 2.90 (1.24–6.76) * | 1.30 (0.53–3.14) |
| Perceived workload during the COVID-19 pandemic, ref = same | |||
| Lower | 1.39 (0.48–4.03) | 0.90 (0.33–2.99) | 0.82 (0.21–3.16 |
| Higher | 3.27 (1.89–5.63) *** | 2.17 (1.24–3.80) ** | 1.95 (1.06–3.60) * |
| COVID-19 transmission to nurses, ref: None diagnosed and none suspected | |||
| Diagnosed test | 1.08 (0.48–1.49) | 1.09 (0.64–1.85) | 1.09 (0.35–1.03) |
| Suspect, no test but symptoms | 1.39 (1.03–1.87) * | 1.25 (0.91–1.71) | 1.21 (0.89–1.66) |
| Having adequate and sufficient PPE for COVID-19, ref = yes | |||
| No | 1.97 (1.53–2.25) *** | 1.41 (1.08–1.83) ** | 1.14 (0.87–1.50) |
| Number of COVID-19 patients in the unit over the last week, ref = none | |||
| <25% of patients | 0.97 (0.46–2.02) | 0.99 (0.42–2.31) | 0.62 (0.28–1.38) |
| 25%-49% of patients | 0.70 (0.34–1.45) | 0.92 (0.40–2.09) | 0.92 (0.43–1.98) |
| 50%-75% of patients | 0.85 (0.42–1.72) | 1.51 (0.69–3.30) | 0.50 (0.23–1.06) |
| More than 75% of patients | 1.09 (0.57–2.07) | 1.50 (0.72–3.13) | 0.80 (0.40–1.58) |
| Proportion of patient deaths due to COVID-19 in unit, ref = none | |||
| Only one death | 0.77 (0.41–1.45) | 0.45 (0.18–1.11) | 1.00 (0.49–2.04) |
| About 25% | 1.01 (0.61–1.47) | 1.84 (1.15–2.94) ** | 1.31 (0.69–1.86) |
| About 50% | 1.09 (0.70–1.52) | 1.90 (1.15–3.16) * | 0.99 (0.62–1.58) |
| About 75% | 1.41 (0.84–2.38) | 1.76 (1.08–3.14) * | 1.30 (0.75–2.43) |
| 100% | 1.29 (0.30–2.63) | 7.03 (1.23–40.3) * | 3.09 (0.59–16.09) |
* p-value < 0.05, ** p-value < 0.01, *** p-value < 0.001; ref = reference, value in bold: significant, PPE: Personal Protection Equipment; MBI, Maslach burnout inventory