Table 3.
Multivariate analysis of risk factors by dimensions of the MBI.
| Variables | Emotional exhaustion OR (95%CI) | Depersonalization OR (95%CI) | Reduced personal accomplishment OR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.96 (0.89–1.02) | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) |
| Gender, ref = female | |||
| Male | 0.93 (0.66–1.32) | 2.73 (1.88–3.99)*** | 0.87 (0.57–1.32) |
| Seniority, year | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) |
| Children, ref = yes | |||
| No | 1.20 (0.62–2.31) | 2.14 (0.92–5.00) | 0.99 (0.49–2.17) |
| Diploma, ref = Bachelor's degree | |||
| Specialized nurses | 1.15 (0.77–1.71) | 1.14 (0.70–1.85) | 1.11 (0.67–1.83) |
| University diploma | 1.09 (0.56–2.14) | 1.44 (0.66–3.08) | 0.68 (0.28–1.69) |
| Specialized nurses and University diploma | 1.10 (0.50–2.48) | 1.86 (0.55–6.31) | 1.40 (0.39–5.07) |
| Nurses no bachelor | 1.21 (0.62–2.38) | 0.91 (0.42–1.99) | 1.96 (0.91–4.23) |
| Nurse-to-patient ratio, ref = 1:1 | |||
| 1:2 | 1.07 (0.68–1.68) | 0.84 (0.52–1.37) | 1.05 (0.59–1.69) |
| 1:3 | 1.77 (1.07–2.95) * | 1.38 (1.09–2.40)* | 1.20 (0.67–2.16) |
| >1:3 | 1.23 (0.48–3.16) | 2.72 (1.07–7.54)* | 2.02 (0.74–5.50) |
| Perceived workload during the COVID-19 pandemic, ref = same | |||
| Lower | – | – | – |
| Higher | 3.23 (1.77–5.93)*** | 2.22 (1.14–4.33)** | 3.07 (1.39–6.76)** |
| COVID-19 transmission to nurses, ref = none diagnosed and none suspected | |||
| Diagnosed test | 1.08 (0.53–2.20) | 1.01 (0.46–2.23) | 0.54 (0.25–1.15) |
| Suspect, no test but symptoms | 1.40 (1.68–1.87)** | 0.93 (0.63–1.39) | 0.69 (0.46–1.05) |
| Having adequate and sufficient PPE for COVID-19, ref = yes | |||
| No | 1.78 (1.35–2.34)*** | 1.27 (0.89–1.71) | 1.19 (0.85–1.68) |
| Number of COVID-19 patients in the unit over the last week, ref = none | |||
| <25% of patients | 0.86 (0.37–2.03) | 0.87 (0.28–2.70) | 0.42 (0.15–1.20) |
| 25%-49% of patients | 0.70 (0.27–1.80) | 0.68 (1.19–2.37) | 0.69 (0.22–2.17) |
| 50%-75% of patients | 0.74 (0.28–1.93) | 0.66 (0.19–2.36) | 0.25 (0.17–1.17) |
| More than 75% of patients | 0.95 (0.38–2.38) | 0.77 (0.22–2.60 | 0.42 (0.13–1.31) |
| Proportion of patient deaths due to COVID-19 in unit, ref = none | |||
| Only one death | 0.84 (0.33–2.13) | 0.53 (0.16–1.71) | 0.72 (0.26–2.04) |
| About 25% | 0.99 (0.45–2.21) | 1.19 (0.49–2.88) | 1.06 (0.45–2.49) |
| About 50% | 1.12 (0.52–2.44) | 2.06 (0.49–4.82) | 1.13 (0.49–2.59) |
| About 75% | 1.17 (0.52–2.65) | 2.29 (1.04–5.57)* | 0.96 (0.40–2.31) |
| 100% | 1.53 (0.65–3.63) | 1.68 (0.65–4.34) | 1.20 (0.47–3.05) |
* p-value < 0.05, ** p-value < 0.01, *** p-value < 0.001; ref = reference, value in bold: significant, PPE: Personal Protection Equipment; MBI, Maslach burnout inventory.