Table 1.
Reductions in emission applied to the various sectors in the low, high, and extended lockdown scenarios.
| Industrial sector (SNAP codes) |
Netherlands, Belgium, Germanya |
France, Italy, Spain, UKb |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| low | high | extf | Low | high | extf | |
| 1. Combustion energy industriesc | 5% | 15% | 25% | 20% | 30% | 40% |
| 2. Non-industrial combustion | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 3-6. Industrial combustion and production processesd | 5% | 15% | 25% | 20% | 30% | 40% |
| 7. Road transporte | 20% | 40% | 60% | 30% | 50% | 70% |
| 8. Other mobile sources and machineryd | 5% | 15% | 25% | 20% | 30% | 40% |
| 9. Waste treatment and disposal | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 10. Agriculture | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Countries with a partial lockdown include the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland.
Countries with a stringent lockdown include, France, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.
A reduction in electricity production of 5–10% is reported for the Netherlands (PBL, 2020; Tennet, 2020). IEA (2020) reported a reduction in electricity demand of 10% for Germany. Larger reductions are reported for countries with a stricter lockdown, i.e., 20% for France and Spain, 16% for the United Kingdom and 37% for Italy (IEA, 2020).
For the Netherlands, the daily industrial production was reported to be 11% lower in April 2020 than in April 2019 (CBS, 2020). A larger reduction is assumed for countries with a stringent lockdown in line with the reductions in electricity demand (note c). The same reductions are applied to SNAP 8 (Other mobile sources).
KIM (2020a) reported reductions in total traffic of 39% on highways and 32% on other roads, while reductions of only 7–8% are reported for heavy duty transport. NDW (2020) measurements of traffic volumes on highways in the Netherlands show reductions of 40–60% for passenger cars and much smaller reductions for heavy duty transport. Based on this we assume for the low and high scenarios an average reduction in emissions for all traffic (passenger cars, light and heavy-duty transport) on motorways and other roads of 20–40% for the Netherlands countries with a similar lockdown and 30–50% for other countries.
For the extended lockdown scenario larger reductions in emissions are assumed than based on the reported reductions in economic activities.