Table 2.

The regression results on determinants of U5MR in each time point

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
	1990	2000	2005	2010	2019
	Ln(U5MR)	Ln(U5MR)	Ln(U5MR)	Ln(U5MR)	Ln(U5MR)
PMHGRP(=1)	0.202**	0.226**	0.195*	0.130	0.133
	(2.197)	(2.514)	(1.749)	(1.094)	(1.102)
Ln(Educ)	−0.942***	− 0.944***	− 0.777***	− 0.878**	− 1.040***
	(−3.083)	(−3.554)	(−2.765)	(−2.608)	(− 3.169)
Ln(GDP per capita)	− 0.477***	− 0.459***	− 0.459***	− 0.445***	− 0.353***
	(−7.459)	(−8.780)	(− 7.473)	(−6.316)	(−5.191)
Ln(PM2.5)	0.241**	0.167*	0.154	0.153	0.162
	(2.287)	(1.677)	(1.378)	(1.282)	(1.602)
SmokGRP	0.0426	0.0934	0.157	0.108	−0.0266
	(0.439)	(1.117)	(1.539)	(1.158)	(−0.230)
AlcohGRP	0.105	0.104	0.0895	0.0436	0.00838
	(1.016)	(1.153)	(0.868)	(0.291)	(0.0710)
Ln(Basic Water)	−0.225	0.0956	0.205	0.163	0.302
	(−1.035)	(0.442)	(0.745)	(0.386)	(0.506)
Ln(Basic Sanitation)	−0.199**	−0.104	− 0.157	−0.210	− 0.120
	(−2.373)	(− 1.526)	(− 1.524)	(− 1.325)	(− 0.661)
Ln(Urban Pop.)	0.231	0.0741	0.0877	0.183	0.185
	(1.563)	(0.498)	(0.531)	(1.019)	(0.871)
Healthcare Level	0.0272	−0.0166	−0.0254	−0.0530	− 0.102**
	(0.430)	(−0.214)	(−0.312)	(− 0.717)	(−2.625)
Ln(HIV)	0.0410	0.0744*	0.0848*	0.109*	0.122**
	(1.024)	(1.893)	(1.823)	(1.893)	(2.374)
Region	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Observations	80	92	92	92	90
Adj. R-squared	0.909	0.920	0.901	0.887	0.881
F	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

Robust t-statistics in parentheses. Column (1) to Column (5) are the regression results from year 1990, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2019, respectively

*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1