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. 2021 Sep 27;155:102493. doi: 10.1016/j.tre.2021.102493

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix.

Variable Mean S.D. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)
Panel A: Full period
AIG −0.051 0.292 1.000
ΔROS −0.019 0.276 −0.022 1.000
Supplier diversification −0.046 0.070 −0.025* 0.082*** 1.000
Customer diversification −0.047 0.077 −0.000 0.043*** 0.142*** 1.000
Firm Size 22.003 1.091 −0.025* 0.029** 0.064*** 0.044*** 1.000
Debt pressure 0.249 0.166 −0.121*** 0.035** 0.033** 0.014 0.609*** 1.000
Firm age 2.963 0.265 −0.015 −0.001 −0.042*** 0.019 0.095*** 0.062*** 1.000
R&D 0.047 0.042 0.025* 0.044*** 0.073*** −0.069*** −0.244*** −0.302*** −0.121*** 1.000
Production efficiency −0.023 0.964 −0.022 0.002 −0.094*** −0.014 0.016 −0.028* 0.017 −0.078*** 1.000
Marketing efficiency 0.004 0.988 0.037** 0.009 −0.133*** −0.126*** 0.249*** 0.206*** 0.013 −0.274*** 0.220*** 1.000
Market share 0.010 0.023 0.056*** 0.001 0.028* 0.073*** 0.466*** 0.263*** 0.055*** −0.211*** 0.123*** 0.178*** 1.000
Board size 2.081 0.189 0.023 0.013 0.057*** 0.017 0.231*** 0.139*** 0.100*** −0.092*** −0.001 0.095*** 0.076*** 1.000
Ind. directors 0.380 0.055 −0.023 −0.003 −0.019 0.011 −0.025* 0.010 −0.003 0.034** −0.038** −0.064*** 0.028* −0.624*** 1.000
Institutional ownership (%) 35.512 23.727 0.035** −0.007 −0.027* −0.023 0.348*** 0.102*** 0.108*** −0.139*** 0.027* 0.133*** 0.230*** 0.164*** −0.049*** 1.000
Geographical diversification −0.965 0.107 0.019 0.048*** 0.046*** 0.009 0.001 −0.008 −0.019 0.084*** 0.035** −0.010 −0.042*** −0.042*** 0.056*** 0.010
Panel B: Disruption period
AIG 0.007 0.297 1.000
ΔROS −0.063 0.290 0.000 1.000
Supplier diversification −0.046 0.069 −0.045* 0.080*** 1.000
Customer diversification −0.048 0.079 0.019 0.051* 0.141*** 1.000
Firm Size 21.985 1.087 0.045* 0.035 0.062** 0.053** 1.000
Debt pressure 0.238 0.160 −0.061** 0.014 0.017 0.019 0.612*** 1.000
Firm age 2.963 0.265 0.022 −0.014 −0.027 0.023 0.099*** 0.063** 1.000
R&D 0.046 0.043 −0.008 −0.043 0.058** −0.077*** −0.266*** −0.296*** −0.140*** 1.000
Production efficiency −0.092 0.903 −0.003 0.034 −0.091*** 0.002 0.026 −0.045* 0.031 −0.090*** 1.000
Marketing efficiency −0.015 0.975 0.062** 0.064** −0.137*** −0.110*** 0.239*** 0.172*** 0.036 −0.300*** 0.243*** 1.000
Market share 0.010 0.023 0.118*** 0.026 0.026 0.074*** 0.462*** 0.251*** 0.055** −0.207*** 0.137*** 0.188*** 1.000
Board size 2.081 0.190 0.037 0.022 0.060** 0.012 0.227*** 0.130*** 0.102*** −0.110*** 0.016 0.105*** 0.081*** 1.000
Ind. directors 0.380 0.055 −0.031 −0.018 −0.021 0.012 −0.024 0.013 −0.008 0.052** −0.052* −0.075*** 0.025 −0.625*** 1.000
Institutional ownership (%) 35.421 23.771 0.060** 0.017 −0.029 −0.024 0.329*** 0.098*** 0.107*** −0.146*** 0.046* 0.128*** 0.224*** 0.158*** −0.045* 1.000
Geographical diversification −0.966 0.106 0.023 0.064** 0.048* 0.007 0.002 −0.006 −0.019 0.068** 0.044 −0.025 −0.044 −0.045* 0.058** 0.020
Panel C: Recovery period
AIG −0.078 0.285 1.000
ΔROS 0.002 0.268 −0.011 1.000
Supplier diversification −0.046 0.070 −0.016 0.084*** 1.000
Customer diversification −0.047 0.077 −0.008 0.039** 0.143*** 1.000
Firm Size 22.011 1.093 −0.056*** 0.025 0.065*** 0.040** 1.000
Debt pressure 0.254 0.168 −0.141*** 0.037** 0.040** 0.011 0.608*** 1.000
Firm age 2.963 0.265 −0.032* 0.005 −0.049*** 0.018 0.094*** 0.061*** 1.000
R&D 0.048 0.041 0.048*** 0.085*** 0.081*** −0.065*** −0.234*** −0.308*** −0.112*** 1.000
Production efficiency 0.009 0.989 −0.021 −0.020 −0.095*** −0.022 0.011 −0.025 0.011 −0.075*** 1.000
Marketing efficiency 0.012 0.993 0.029 −0.020 −0.132*** −0.134*** 0.253*** 0.220*** 0.003 −0.263*** 0.210*** 1.000
Market share 0.010 0.023 0.027 −0.012 0.028 0.073*** 0.467*** 0.269*** 0.055*** −0.213*** 0.117*** 0.173*** 1.000
Board size 2.081 0.188 0.016 0.009 0.055*** 0.020 0.233*** 0.144*** 0.098*** −0.084*** −0.009 0.091*** 0.074*** 1.000
Ind. directors 0.380 0.055 −0.020 0.004 −0.018 0.011 −0.026 0.008 −0.001 0.026 −0.032* −0.059*** 0.029 −0.624*** 1.000
Institutional ownership (%) 35.554 23.711 0.024 −0.019 −0.027 −0.023 0.356*** 0.103*** 0.109*** −0.135*** 0.019 0.135*** 0.233*** 0.167*** −0.050*** 1.000
Geographical diversification −0.965 0.107 0.018 0.040** 0.045** 0.010 0.001 −0.009 −0.019 0.091*** 0.031* −0.003 −0.041** −0.040** 0.055*** 0.005

Notes: ***, ** and * indicate significance at the 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively.