Table 4. Association between neck disorders and smartphone usage.
| Characteristics | Neck disorders | Significance | Hypothesis test | Odd ratio | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | P value | Wald Chi-Square | df | Unadjusted (95% CI) |
Adjusted (95% CI) |
|
| Mean (SD)/Frequency (%) | Mean (SD)/Frequency (%) | ||||||
| Smart phone and other gadget usage (years) | |||||||
| Smart phone | 9.53 (±2.85) | 9.62 (2.49±) | 0.719 | 0.130 | 1 | 0.988 (0.909–1.074) |
0.977 (0.859–1.111) |
| Tablet | 4.18 (±3.92) | 3.79 (±3.78) | 0.445 | 0.584 | 1 | 1.026 (0.969–1.088) |
1.036 (0.946–1.136) |
| Laptop | 7.05 (±4.79) | 6.86 (±4.71) | 0.831 | 0.045 | 1 | 1.009 (0.962–1.057) |
0.992 (0.92–1.069) |
| Daily smartphone use | |||||||
| Less than 5 h | 26 (34.7%) | 49 (65.3%) | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref | |
| 5 h or more | 118 (49.6%) | 120 (50.4%) | 0.527 | 0.401 | 1 | 1.853 (1.081–3.177) |
1.319 (0.56–3.106) |
| Purpose of smart phone use | |||||||
| Study | |||||||
| Less than 3 h | 92 (43%) | 122 (57%) | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref |
| 3 h or more | 52 (52.5%) | 47 (47.5%) | 0.073 | 3.212 | 1 | 1.467 (0.909–2.367) |
2.004 (0.937–4.286) |
| Social media | |||||||
| Less than 3 h | 38 (39.2%) | 59 (60.8%) | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref |
| 3 h or more | 106 (49.1%) | 110 (50.9%) | 0.621 | 0.245 | 1 | 1.496 (0.919–2.435) |
0.815 (0.362–1.833) |
| Playing games | |||||||
| Less than 3 h | 123 (46.8%) | 140 (53.2%) | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref |
| 3 h or more | 21 (42%) | 29 (58%) | 0.01* | 6.634 | 1 | 0.824 (0.447–1.519) |
0.324 (0.138–0.764) |
| Holding the Smart phone | |||||||
| Right hand | 73 (42.4%) | 99 (57.6%) | 0.034* | 4.054 | 1 | 0.714 (0.448–1.137) |
0.47 (0.234–0.944) |
| Left hand | 9 (47.4%) | 10 (52.6%) | 0.833 | 0.044 | 1 | 0.871 (0.331–2.293) |
0.816 (0.122–5.431) |
| Both hands/Use of cradle, stand, table or other rest | 62 (50.8%) | 60 (49.2%) | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref |
| Self -report of Text neck posture | |||||||
| Yes | 111 (56.7%) | 85 (43.3%) | <0.001* | 13.385 | 1 | 3.324 (2.033–5.436) |
3.657 (1.826–7.325) |
| No | 33 (28.2%) | 84 (71.8%) | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref |
| Smart phone addiction | |||||||
| Overuse | 133 (76.9%) | 40 (23.1%) | <0.001* | 92.637 | 1 | 38.993 (19.173–79.302) |
49.553 (22.381–109.710) |
| Non-overuse | 11 (7.9%) | 129 (92.1%) | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref | -ref |
Notes:
CI–Confidence interval, df–Degree of freedom, SD–Standard deviation.
*
Significant (P < 0.05).