Table 1.
Summary of Included Studies
| Author (Year), Country | Study Population | Sample Population | Mean Diabetes Duration (Years, SD) | Mean Duration of Insulin use (Years, SD) | Detection Method(s), | BMI | HbA1c (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample | Type of Diabetes | |||||||
| Lin et al (2021)19 | Adult diabetes | Size: n=120 Mean age (years, SD): 59.21 ± 11.44 Gender (M/F): 50/70 |
T1DM: 120 T2DM: 0 |
ND | 6.56 ± 4.26 | Detection Observation, palpation, ultrasound examination | 24.93 ± 3.18 | 9.45 ± 1.85% |
| Arora et al (2021)20 | Adult diabetes | Size: n=500 Mean age (years, SD): 45.2 ± 16.5 Gender (M/F): 272/228 |
T1DM: 113 T2DM: 356 Pancreatic DM: 31 |
26.8 ± 6.9 | 3 (2.5–5.0) | Palpation, ultrasound examination | <18.5: 88 (17.6) 18.5–23.5: 192 (38.4) ≥23.5220 (44.0) |
Mean: 9.9 ± 1.9 LH: 10.53 ± 1.73 No LH: 8.953 ± 0.5281 |
| Gentile et al (2021)21 | Adult diabetes | Size: n=780 Mean age (years, SD): 62 ± 15 Gender (M/F): 387/393 |
T1DM: 224 T2DM: 556 |
18 ± 11 | 10.1 ± 2.11 | Palpation | 29 ± 6 | 7.8 ± 1.3 |
| Thewjitcharoen et al (2020)22 | Adult diabetes | Size: n=400 Mean age (years, SD): 65.6 ± 15.4 Gender (M/F): 186/214 |
T1DM: 56 T2DM: 344 |
Mean: 23.0 ± 10.2 LH: 20.1 ± 11.6 No LH: 23.5 ± 9.8 |
Mean: 11.4 ± 8.7 LH: 18.9 ± 11.0 No LH: 10.2 ± 7.6 |
Palpation | Mean: 26.2 ± 4.8 LH: 23.8 ± 3.6 No LH: 26.5 ± 4.8 |
Mean: 7.9 ± 1.6 LH: 7.8 ± 1.5 No LH: 7.9 ± 1.6 |
| Gentile et al (2020)12 | Adult diabetes | Size: n=1227 Mean age (years, SD): 50.1 ± 10.5 Gender (M/F): ND |
T1DM: 0 T2DM: 1227 |
26.8 ± 6.9 | Age≤65: 8 ± 4 Age >65: 12 ± 5 |
Palpation, ultrasound examination | Age≤65: 8 ± 4 Age >65: 12 ± 5 |
Age≤65: 8.1 ± 1.2 Age >65: 8.9 ± 1.4 |
| Lian et al (2018)23 | Adult diabetes | Size: n=300 Mean age (years, SD): Male: 48.00 ± 3.0 Femal: 47.0 ± 4.0 Gender (M/F): 148/152 |
T1DM: ND T2DM: ND |
LH: 10.98 ± 3.12 No LH: 7.24 ± 3.53 |
LH: 4.47 ± 3.12 No LH: 7.24 ± 3.53 |
Palpation, ultrasound examination | ND | ND |
| Tsadik et al (2018)24 | Adult diabetes | Size: n=176 Mean age (years, SD): 51.36 ± 3.96 Gender (M/F): 86/90 |
T1DM: 176 T2DM: 0 |
ND | 1–5: 65/46 >5: 38/27 |
Observation and the palpation | Underweight: 14/14 Healthy weight: 78/52 Obese: 6/4 |
ND |
| Hernar et al (2017)17 | Adult diabetes | Size: n=215 Mean age (years, SD): 36.0 (18–82) Gender (M/F): 111/104 |
T1DM: 215 T2DM: 0 |
17.0 (1–57) | ND | Observation and the palpation | ND | 8.0 (5.5–14.0) |
| Al Hayek et al (2016)25 | Adult diabetes | Size: n=174 Mean age (years, SD): 55.43 ± 1.97 Gender (M/F): 90/84 |
T1DM: 174 T2DM: 0 |
6.1 ± 4.5 | ND | Observation and the palpation | ND | ND |
| Sawatkar et al (2014)26 | Adult diabetes | Size: n=500 Mean age (years, SD): 26.9 ± 6.9 Gender (M/F): 272/228 |
T1DM: 500 T2DM: 0 |
4.43 ± 4.4 | 12.51 ± 6.68 | Observation and the palpation | 19.2 ± 5.4 | 9.72 ± 3.0 |
| Singha et al (2021)27 | Juvenile diabetes | Size: n=91 Mean age (years, SD): 13.3 ± 4.1 Gender (M/F): 34/57 |
T1DM: 91 T2DM: 0 |
LH: 5.3 ± 2.7 No LH: 5.5 ± 2.8 |
ND | Observation and the palpation | ND | LH: 9.0 ± 2.6 No LH: 7.7 ± 1.1 |
| McCann et al (2019)28 | Juvenile diabetes | Size: n=76 Mean age (years, SD): 4–18 Gender (M/F): ND |
T1DM: 76 T2DM: 0 |
<4: 43%LH >4: 57%LH |
ND | Observation and the palpation | ND | ND |
| Magdy et al (2011)33 | Juvenile diabetes | Size: n=119 Mean age (years, SD): 2 months to 21 Years Gender (M/F): 64/55 |
T1DM: 119 T2DM: 0 |
4.13 ± 3.67 | ND | Observation and the palpation | ND | Normal: 76.1% Overweight: 15.0% Obese: 3.5% under weight: 5.3% |
| Conwell et al (2008)29 | Juvenile diabetes | Size: n=50 Mean age (years, SD): 13.3 ± 3.5 Gender (M/F): 24/26 |
T1DM: 50 T2DM: 0 |
6.5 ± 3.7 | 2.8 ± 1.7 | Observation and the palpation | 21.6 ± 4.8 | 7.7 ± 1.1 |
| Lombardo et al (2022)37 | Juvenile diabetes | Size: n=212 Mean age (years, SD): 11.9 ± 4.7 Gender (M/F): 123/89 |
T1DM: 212 T2DM: 0 |
4.8 ± 3.4 | ND | Inspection and palpation | ND | 6.8 ± 1.6 |
| Yan et al (2021)30 | Mixed juvenile and Adult diabetes | Size: n=142 Mean age (years, SD): ≤18: 43/8 >18: 60/31 Gender (M/F): 82/60 |
T1DM: ND T2DM: ND |
ND | LH: 4 (3, 7) No LH: 5 (3,7) |
Observation and the palpation | LH: 20.56 (17.89, 23.0) No LH: 21.48 (20.06,22.6) |
ND |
| Barola et al (2018)31 | Mixed juvenile and Adult diabetes | Size: n=372 Mean age (years, SD): 17.1 (5.0–50.6) Gender (M/F): 204/168 |
T1DM: 372 T2DM: 0 |
5.6 ± 5.3 | Mean: 7.9 ± 1.6 LH: 7.8 ± 1.5 No LH: 7.9 ± 1.6 |
Observation and the palpation | ND | Mean: 9.7 ± 2.6 LH: 10.0 ± 2.7 No LH: 9.2 ± 2.4 |
| Gupta et al (2018)32 | Mixed juvenile and Adult diabetes | Size: n=139 Mean age (years, SD): 21.71 ± 11.78 <18: 11.73 ± 3.96 ≥18: 25.51 ± 9.79 Gender (M/F): 75/64 |
T1DM: 139 T2DM: 0 |
8.70 ± 7.52 | ND | Observation and the palpation | 19.90 ± 4.68 | 9.71 ± 2.29 |
| Blanco et al (2013)9 | Mixed juvenile and Adult diabetes | Size: n=430 Mean age (years, SD): 49.0 ± 22.8 Gender (M/F): 221/202 |
T1DM: 177 T2DM: 253 |
ND | ND | Observation and the palpation | ND | ND |
| Vardar et al (2007)34 | Mixed juvenile and Adult diabetes | Size: n=215 Mean age (years, SD): ND Gender (M/F): 137/78 |
T1DM: 31 T2DM: 184 |
26.8 ± 6.9 | 0–5 years: 66 (30.7%) 6–10 years: 59 (27.4%) 11–15 years: 57 (26.5%) 16–20 years: 33 (15.4%) |
Observation and the palpation | Normal: 72 (33.5%) Overweight: 86 (40%) Obese: 57 (26.5%) |
|
Abbreviation: ND, not detected.