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. 2022 Aug 7;8(6):1331–1340. doi: 10.1002/cre2.644

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© 2022 The Authors. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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(a–i) In vivo osseous shell model creation surgery. Surgical access was achieved through the submandibular approach after prepping, draping, and application of local anesthesia with the preparation of the tissue to reach the mandible. Osseous shells could be created with a xenogeneic (human) cortical sheet (Maxgraft Cortico, Botiss Biomaterials GmbH, Zossen), or autogenous bone harvested from the superior ramus. The cortical shell was fixed with 1.2 mm osteosynthesis screws (USTOMED INSTRUMENTE, Ulrich Storz GmbH & Co., Tuttingen). The three‐dimensional defect was filled with xenogeneic (bovine) bone substitutes (Bio‐Oss, Geistlich Pharma AG) and cerabone (Botiss Biomaterials GmbH).