Table 3.
Correlates of Anxiety/Depression among HCWs during COVID-19 (Total N – 3083)α.
| Variables | Total N | Anxiety Disorder N (%) |
Odds Ratio (95 % CI) $ |
Depression | Odds Ratio (95 % CI) $ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occupational category | |||||
| Health care supportive staff© | 988 | 150 (15.5) | Ref | 136 (14.2) | Ref |
| Doctors | 826 | 191 (23.6) | 1.54 (1.15−2.05) |
170 (21.0) | 1.34 (0.99−1.81) |
| Nurses | 504 | 121 (24.8) | 1.79 (1.29−2.47) |
96 (19.6) | 1.47 (1.04−2.08) |
| Health assistants | 611 | 139 (23.3) | 1.77 (1.31−2.40) |
112 (19.0) | 1.53 (1.10–2.12) |
| Age (Mean±SD) (years) | 36.0 ± 8.3 | 37.1 ± 8.0 | 1.02 (1.01−1.03) |
38.9 ± 8.6 | 1.03 (1.01−1.04) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1645 | 246 (17.7) | Ref | 226 (16.2) | Ref |
| Females | 1420 | 369 (23.3) | 1.74 (1.37–2.21) |
304 (19.3) | 1.68 (1.30−2.17) |
| Marital Status | |||||
| Single | 563 | 127 (23.0) | Ref | 110 (20.1) | Ref |
| Married | 2488 | 488 (20.3) | 0.70 (0.52−0.96) |
419 (17.4) | 0.63 (0.45 – 0.88) |
| Children | |||||
| No | 869 | 175 (20.5) | – | 157 (18.5) | – |
| Yes | 2180 | 437 (20.7) | 371 (17.6) | ||
| Living arrangement | |||||
| Living with family | 2737 | 530 (19.9) | – | 462 (17.4) | – |
| Alone/Others | 346 | 85 (27.2) | 68 (21.8) | ||
| Family distress | |||||
| Absent | 1481 | 249 (17.2) | Ref | 177 (12.2) | Ref |
| Present | 1491 | 349 (24.0) | 1.25 (0.98−1.53) |
332 (22.9) | 1.47 (1.14−1.88) |
| Leisure time activity | |||||
| No | 496 | 166 (34.3) | Ref | 163 (33.6) | Ref |
| Yes | 2528 | 446 (18.1) | 0.46 (0.35−0.60) | 363 (14.8) | 0.38 (0.29−0.51) |
| Regular Exercise | |||||
| Absent | 1605 | 368 (23.9) | – | 319 (20.8) | Ref |
| Present | 1478 | 247 (17.3) | 211 (14.7) | 0.77 (0.61−0.98) | |
| Chronic Medical Illness | |||||
| Absent | 2665 | 470 (19.6) | – | 406 (16.9) | – |
| Present | 571 | 101 (23.9) | 91 (21.6) | ||
| Increased Tobacco use after pandemic onset | |||||
| No | 253β | 43 (17.0) | Ref | 38 (15.0) | Ref |
| Yes | 86β | 29 (33.7) | 1.78 (0.98–3.23) |
29 (36.1) | 1.82 (0.99−3.37) |
| Increased Alcohol use after pandemic onset | |||||
| No | 525β | 80 (15.2) | Ref | 67 (12.7) | Ref |
| Yes | 99β | 37 (37.4) | 1.76 (1.01−3.10) | 36 (36.4) | 1.78 (1.01−3.17) |
| Suicidal thoughts after pandemic onset | |||||
| No | 2806 | 519 (18.8) | Ref | 443 (16.1) | Ref |
| Yes | 195 | 89 (45.9) | 2.97 (2.05−4.30) | 80 (41.5) | 2.45 (1.66−3.61) |
| Suicide attempts after pandemic onset | |||||
| No | 2909 | 569 (19.9) | – | 491 (17.1) | – |
| Yes | 86 | 41 (48.2) | 35 (41.2) | ||
| Received specialist mental health input (Lifetime) | |||||
| No | 2764 | 495 (18.2) | Ref | 425 (15.6) | Ref |
| Yes | 245 | 114 (47.5) | 3.41 (2.46−4.73) |
100 (41.8) | 3.42 (2.4−4.8) |
“Ref” indicates reference category.
$
Blanks indicate variables which were not correlated in the final model.
α
Missing responses were excluded from analyses so samples sizes do not add to 3083 for all characteristics (average approximately 3%).
©
Includes staff with administrative responsibilities and ancillary medical staff (pharmacists/laboratory technicians/radiographers).
β
Total of lifetime users in sample.