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. 2023 Jan 1;19(1):311–330. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.78525

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Three main pathways of ceramides synthesis in mammals. Ceramide is synthesized in three main ways, with de novo pathway occurring primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum, sphingomyelinase pathway occurring primarily in the lysosome, and salvage pathway occurring primarily in the Golgi apparatus. The three modes of synthesis work together to maintain the balance of ceramide metabolism in vivo.