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. 2022 Dec 19;7:392. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01247-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Bat organoids elicited a more robust antiviral response to Poly(I:C) treatment. Bat and human intestinal organoids were sheared mechanically and treated with 10 μg/ml Poly(I:C) or mock-treated with DMSO. a, b Induction of IFNs (left) and ISGs (right) in bat intestinal organoids (a) and human intestinal organoids (b) at the indicated hours after Poly(I:C) treatment. Results show the log2-fold change of GAPDH-normalized expression level in the treated organoids relative to mock-treated organoids. Data represent the mean and s.d. of a representative experiment in organoids from a bat and human donor, n = 3. c Culture media from the treated or mock-treated human intestinal organoids at the indicated hours were applied to ELISA to measure concentrations of IFNL1 and IFNL3. Data represent the mean and s.d. of a representative experiment in one line of human organoids, n = 3. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. d Poly(I:C) treated or mock-treated human intestinal organoids were collected at the indicated hours post-treatment and subjected to Western blot to detect human ISG15. e, f Bat and human intestinal organoids were sheared and incubated with 10 μg/ml Poly(I:C) Fluorescein in triplicate for 2 h and 6 h. The organoids were then dissociated and applied to flow cytometry to detect the percentage at 2 h post treatment (e) and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI, f) of Fluorescein-positive cells at 2 and 6 h post treatment. g, h Induction of TNF-a and IL6 (g) and IP10 (h) in bat and human intestinal organoids at the indicated hours after treatment. Results show the fold change of GAPDH-normalized expression level in Poly(I:C)-treated organoids relative to mock-treated organoids. Data represent the mean and s.d. of a representative experiment in organoids from a bat and human donor, n = 3