Table 2.
Number and age-standardized rates of incidence and of DALYs for ASD by global burden of disease region in 1990 and 2019.
| Incident cases No. (95% UI) | ASIR/100,000 No. (95% UI) | DALYs No. (95% UI) | Age-standardized DALY rate/100,000 No. (95% UI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | |
| Overall | 602,887 (501,382–718,288) | 603,790 (501,680–720,097) | 9.2 (7.6–10.9) | 9.3 (7.7–11.1) | 3,105,909 (2,025,303–4,514,467) | 4,306,615 (2,821,512–6,232,361) | 56.7 (37–82.2) | 56.3 (36.8–81.5) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 461,633 (386,362–548,162) | 459,493 (384,472–544,406) | 13.6 (11.4–16.1) | 13.7 (11.5–16.3) | 2,393,774 (1,560,490–3,443,926) | 3,294,468 (2,152,733–4,769,103) | 86.9 (56.7–125.1) | 85.3 (55.8–123.6) |
| Female | 141,254 (113,407–170,938) | 144,297 (115,510–174,371) | 4.4 (3.6–5.4) | 4.6 (3.7–5.6) | 712,135 (467,655–1,041,370) | 1,012,148 (663,237–1,477,450) | 26.2 (17.2–38.2) | 26.8 (17.5–39.2) |
| Sociodemographic index | ||||||||
| High SDI | 75,696 (63,921–89,058) | 72,189 (60,836–84,979) | 13.3 (11.3–15.7) | 14.5 (12.3–17.1) | 654,789 (429,489–932,431) | 822,967 (541,875–1,175,034) | 82.2 (53.8–117.4) | 88.2 (57.9–126.3) |
| High-middle SDI | 100,983 (83,515–120,117) | 77,479 (64,215–92,332) | 10.2 (8.4–12.1) | 10.3 (8.6–12.3) | 713,059 (465,214–1,032,597) | 838,198 (546,345–1,211,677) | 61.8 (40.3–89.5) | 62.1 (40.4–89.8) |
| Middle SDI | 173,883 (143,431–208,737) | 139,286 (114,750–167,032) | 8.4 (6.9–10.1) | 8.1 (6.7–9.7) | 875,927 (569,681–1,284,765) | 1,155,444 (754,951–1,679,972) | 48.8 (31.8–71.5) | 49.2 (32.1–71.6) |
| Low-middle SDI | 148,418 (122,088–177,306) | 137,109 (1,126,789–163,455) | 8.2 (6.7–9.8) | 8.1 (6.6–9.6) | 566,661 (372,963–827,871) | 856,771 (561,754–1,245,320) | 47.2 (31–68.5) | 47.6 (31.2–69.1) |
| Low SDI | 103,577 (85,506–123,644) | 151,149 (124,811–180,571) | 9.2 (7.6–10.9) | 8.37 (6.9–10.0) | 293,883 (191,832–427,362) | 630,885 (414,559–917,940) | 51.3 (33.6–74.5) | 51.9 (34.1–75.2) |
| Region | ||||||||
| Andean Latin America | 5,235 (4322–6299) | 5,659 (4672–6810) | 9.1 (7.5–10.9) | 9 (7.4–10.8) | 20,989 (13,726–30,731) | 33,571 (22,051–48,663) | 51.9 (33.9–75.6) | 52.3 (34.4–75.9) |
| Australasia | 1,669 (1396–1988) | 1,957 (1636–2333) | 11 (9.2–13.1) | 11.1 (9.3–13.2) | 13,166 (8,637 –18,709) | 18,038 (11,831–26,144) | 66.4 (43.6–94.3) | 66.3 (43.5–96.1) |
| Caribbean | 2,918 (2537–3357) | 2,745 (2369–3134) | 15 (13–17.2) | 15.2 (13.1–17.3) | 24,224 (15,958–33,906) | 31,128 (21,014–44,022) | 91.6 (60.3–129) | 92.9 (62.4–131.9) |
| Central Asia | 596 (491–717) | 923 (759–1109) | 9.9 (8.1–11.9) | 9.8 (8.1–11.8) | 1,646 (1092–2399) | 3,173 (2084–4577) | 55.1 (36.5–80.7) | 55.3 (36.5–80) |
| Central Europe | 9,227 (7599–11,021) | 8,923 (7349–10,654) | 9.9 (8.1–11.8) | 9.9 (8.1–11.8) | 41,257 (26,948–60,088) | 54,402 (35,733–78,754) | 56.9 (37.3–82.7) | 57.4 (37.7–83.2) |
| Central Latin America | 7,550 (6234–8948) | 4,860 (4014–5764) | 9.4 (7.8–11.1) | 9.4 (7.8–11.2) | 67,585 (43,770–97,177) | 59,276 (38,737–85,387) | 56.5 (36.6–81.2) | 57.1 (37.2–82) |
| Central sub-Saharan Africa | 21,860 (18,043–26,050) | 19,340 (15,980–23,070) | 9.2 (7.6–11) | 9.2 (7.6–10.9) | 93,735 (61,359–134,650) | 133,793 (87,313–194,854) | 53.7 (35.1–77.3) | 53.6 (35–78.2) |
| East Asia | 111,604 (91,661–133,843) | 71,074 (58,298–84,934) | 9.3 (7.6–11.1) | 9.6 (7.9–11.5) | 680,072 (444,396–996,214) | 778,339 (509,697–1,129,871) | 54.3 (35.4–79.6) | 56.6 (37–82.7) |
| Eastern Europe | 14,259 (11,834–17,033) | 11,166 (9244–13,324) | 10.2 (8.4–12.1) | 10.3 (8.5–12.3) | 131,359 (85,365–190,703) | 116,804 (76,389–169,067) | 60.2 (39.2–87.3) | 60.8 (39.6–87.8) |
| Eastern sub-Saharan Africa | 42,923 (35,394–51,307) | 67,380 (55,602–80,554) | 10.1 (8.3–12.1) | 10 (8.2–11.9) | 118,378 (77,519–171,365) | 255,582 (168,416–369,498) | 57.1 (37.3–82.6) | 57.4 (37.7–83.1) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 14,603 (12,198–17,337) | 10,412 (8699–12,345) | 15.4 (12.9–18.3) | 15.7 (13.1–18.6) | 159,572 (104,216–229,855) | 162,304 (106,518–233,835) | 94.5 (61.6–136.4) | 97.3 (63.6–141) |
| High-income North America | 29,858 (25,081–35,106) | 33,093 (27,800–38,830) | 13.6 (11.4–16) | 16.4 (13.8–19.3) | 216,781 (142,092–307,646) | 326,234 (215,047–462,932) | 79.9 (52.3–113.3) | 96.9 (63.7–137.7) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 44,221 (36,225–53,111) | 45,002 (36,857–53,912) | 7.9 (6.5–9.5) | 7.7 (6.3–9.3) | 170,028 (110,895–247,697) | 287,617 (188,299–418,662) | 46.3 (30.2–67.6) | 46.4 (30.4–67.5) |
| Oceania | 808 (661–977) | 1,506 (1228–1822) | 7.6 (6.2–9.2) | 7.6 (6.2–9.3) | 3,050 (1985–4418) | 6,136 (3980–8860) | 44 (28.7–63.9) | 43.9 (28.6–63.2) |
| South Asia | 129,806 (106,720–155,432) | 121,886 (100,113–145,614) | 7.6 (6.2–9) | 7.6 (6.2–9.1) | 512,702 (337,803–748,333) | 808,171 (530,435–1,176,149) | 44 (29–64.4) | 44 (28.9–63.9) |
| Southeast Asia | 49,221 (40,292–58,767) | 42,761 (34,987–51,276) | 8.2 (6.7–9.7) | 8.2 (6.7–9.8) | 233,298 (151,876 –343,401) | 321,010 (208,179–470,066) | 47.3 (30.9–69.5) | 47.8 (31–70.1) |
| Southern Latin America | 6,094 (5094–7271) | 5,784 (4838–6900) | 12.1 (10.2–14.5) | 12.5 (10.4–14.9) | 36,786 (23,775–52,798) | 47,678 (30,967–68,855) | 73.5 (47.5–105.4) | 73.7 (47.9–106.2) |
| Southern sub-Saharan Africa | 7,211 (5956–8603) | 7,815 (6468–9334) | 9.8 (8.1–11.7) | 9.8 (8.1–11.7) | 31,425 (20,608–45,813) | 45,505 (29,825–65,836) | 56.2 (36.7–81.3) | 56.4 (37–81.4) |
| Tropical Latin America | 15,756 (13,009–18,760) | 14,382 (11,894–17,114) | 9.2 (7.6–11) | 9.3 (7.7–11.1) | 86,132 (56,209–124,848) | 117,552 (76,819–170,312) | 53.8 (35.2–78.2) | 53.9 (35.2–78) |
| Western Europe | 31,691 (26,879–37,291) | 29,331 (24,871–34,482) | 14.2 (12.1–16.7) | 14.2 (12–16.7) | 319,676 (208,840–454,860) | 353,845 (233,430 –504,526) | 87.5 (57.1–125) | 88.7 (58.1–127.1) |
| Western sub-Saharan Africa | 42,800 (35,511–51,287) | 77,149 (64,001–92,454) | 10 (8.3–12) | 9.8 (8.2–11.8) | 117,111 (76,701–169,033) | 276,573 (181,323–400,818) | 56.7 (37.2–81.6) | 56.2 (36.9–81.3) |
ASD, autism spectrum disorders; ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate; DALY, disability-adjusted life year; SDI, sociodemographic index.