TABLE 1.
Classification, selectivity and anti-cancer clinical trials of classical NSAIDs.
| Family/Class | Drug | Selectivity for COXs | Clinical trials in cancer prevention or treatment with NSAIDs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemoprevention | Post-diagnosis treatment | |||
| Salicylates | Aspirin | COX-1 and COX-2 | Effective: esophageal adenocarcinoma, CRC Ineffective: breast cancer, lung cancer Unpublished results: melanoma, oral cancer | Effective: CRC, breast cancer |
| Unpublished results: prostate cancer, melanoma | ||||
| Diflunisal | COX-2 selective | None | None | |
| Acetic acid derivatives | Indomethacin | COX-1 and COX-2 | None | Unpublished results: CRC, esophageal cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma |
| Sulindac | COX-1 and COX-2 | Effective: colorectal adenoma Ineffective: lung cancer Unpublished results: oral cancer, melanoma | Effective: breast cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; Unpublished results: melanoma | |
| Diclofenac | COX-2 selective | None | Unpublished results: basal cell carcinoma | |
| Etodolac | COX-2 selective | None | None | |
| Propionic acid derivatives | Ibuprofen | COX-1 and COX-2 | None | None |
| Flurbiprofen | COX-1 selective | None | None | |
| Naproxen | COX-1 and COX-2 | Effective: CRC | None | |
| Enolic acid derivatives | Piroxicam | COX-1 and COX-2 | None | None |
| Meloxicam | COX-2 selective | None | Effective: multiple myeloma | |
| Diaryl heterocyclic compounds | Celecoxib | COX-2 selective | Effective: breast cancer, colorectal adenoma Ineffective: esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, oral cancer Unpublished results: NSCLC, CRC | Effective: ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, head and neck cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, CRC Ineffective: breast cancer, NSCLC, esophageal cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer Unpublished results: bladder cancer, kidney cancer, oral cancer |
| Rofecoxib | COX-2 selective | Effective: colorectal adenoma Unpublished results: prostate cancer | Effective: NSCLC Ineffective: CRC | |
*Information resource: https://clinicaltrials.gov Reported trials in this table are restricted to completed interventional studies. Abbreviations: COX, cyclooxygenase; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; CRC, colorectal cancer; NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer.