Table 2.

GPx, SOD, CAT and MDA results of (a) serum and (b) cochlea tissue samples. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

(a) Results of serum samples
Groups	GPx (ng/mL)	SOD (ng/mL)	CAT (U/mL)	MDA (ng/mL)
1 (CNT)	12.7 ± 1.98	23.1 ± 1.66	10.8 ± 3.48	1.55 ± 0.87
2 (DM)	3.12 ± 1.45	7.12 ± 3.39	3.05 ± 2.09	5.00 ± 2.28
3 (DM + AST)	7.01 ± 2.26	14.1 ± 3.04	7.87 ± 3.90	2.39 ± 1.01
4 (AST)	15.24 ± 4.12	28.8 ± 4.08	11.87 ± 3.52	1.21 ± 0.53
ANOVA	p = 0	p = 0	p = 0	p = 0
Post hoc Tukey test	Gr1 vs. Gr 2 (p = 0)	Gr1 vs. Gr 2 (p = 0)	Gr1 vs. Gr 2 (p = 0)	Gr1 vs. Gr 2 (p = 0)
	Gr1 vs. Gr3 (p = 0.001)	Gr1 vs. Gr3 (p = 0.001)	Gr2 vs. Gr3 (p = 0.035)	Gr2 vs. Gr3 (p = 0.003)
	Gr2 vs. Gr3 (p = 0.029)	Gr1 vs. Gr4 (p = 0.047)	Gr2 vs. Gr4 (p = 0)	Gr2 vs. Gr4 (p = 0)
	Gr2 vs. Gr4 (p = 0)	Gr2 vs. Gr3 (p = 0.012)
	Gr3 vs. Gr4 (p = 0)	Gr2 vs. Gr4 (p = 0)
		Gr3 vs. Gr4 (p = 0)

(b) Results of cochlea tissue samples
Groups	GPx (ng/g tissue)	SOD (ng/g tissue)	CAT (U/mg protein)	MDA (ng/g tissue)
1 (CNT)	6.94 ± 2.48	17.9 ± 4.07	7.31 ± 2.85	1.89 ± 0.97
2 (DM)	1.40 ± 0.83	7.49 ± 4.55	1.95 ± 1.03	4.27 ± 1.33
3 (DM + AST)	4.22 ± 1.74	15.6 ± 4.91	5.18 ± 2.10	1.99 ± 0.83
4 (AST)	7.16 ± 1.74	14.5 ± 5.42	7.21 ± 2.33	1.49 ± 0.73
ANOVA	p = 0	p = 0.001	p = 0	p = 0
Post hoc Tukey test	Gr1 vs. Gr 2 (p = 0)	Gr1 vs. Gr 2 (p = 0.001)	Gr1 vs. Gr 2 (p = 0)	Gr1 vs. Gr 2 (p = 0)
	Gr1 vs. Gr3 (p = 0.026)	Gr2 vs. Gr3 (p = 0.010)	Gr2 vs. Gr3 (p = 0.030)	Gr2 vs. Gr3 (p = 0)
	Gr2 vs. Gr3 (p = 0.020)	Gr2 vs. Gr4 (p = 0.029)	Gr2 vs. Gr4 (p = 0)	Gr2 vs. Gr4 (p = 0)
	Gr2 vs. Gr4 (p = 0.003)		Gr3 vs. Gr4 (p = 0.046)
	Gr3 vs. Gr4 (p = 0.015)

CNT, Control; DM, Diabetes Mellitus; AST, Astaxanthin; GPx, Glutathione Peroxidase; SOD, Superoxide Dismutase; CAT, Catalase; MDA, Malondialdehyde.