Table 1.

Effects of the stellate ganglion block.

Regulation of the immune system/hyperinflammation •Reduction of natural killer cell activity (Sugimoto et al., 1999; Yokoyama et al., 2000) •Reduction of inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α (Liu et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2018) •Increase of antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 and of CGRP (Liu et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2018)

Regulation of the endothelial dysfunction (Chen et al., 2012)

Regulation of microcirculation and coagulopathy (Levy and Lorch, 1996; Hanamatsu et al., 2002; Pfister and Fischer, 2009; Yamazaki et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2014; Punj, 2019)

Reduction of (neurogenic) pulmonary edema (Pierach and Stotz, 1952; Zhang et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2018)

Reduction of pulmonary arterial hypertension (Myers et al., 1998)

Reduction of pathological positive feedback loops (Fischer, 2003; Jänig, 2011; Fischer, 2019)