TABLE 3.
In vitro anti-microbial activity of the extract, fractions, and compounds of A. laxiflora.
| Extracts/compounds | Model | MIC/ZOI | Concentration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) NCTC 6750 | 6.25, 97.13, 12.50, NS, 125.2. ns μg/ml, respectively | 1 mg/ml | Ogundipe et al. (2001b) |
| Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) NCTC 6571 | 3.13, 62.50, 6.25, 62.5, 75, ns μg/ml, respectively | |||
| Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) LSCV | 3.13, 75, 12.5, 62.5, 75, NS μg/ml, respectively | |||
| Candida albicans (C. albicans) LSCV | 12.50, 125, 15.63, 97.13, 109.6, NS μg/ml, respectively | |||
| Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) LSCV | ND | |||
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) NCTC 7001 | ND | |||
| Bacillus subtilis LSCV | ND | |||
| ELE | S. aureus NCIB 8588, B. subtilis NCIB 3610, E. coli NCIB 86, Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) NCIB 67, P. aeruginosa NCIB 950, Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) NCIB 418, C. albicans (clinical), and A. flavus (clinical) | 250, >250, and 250 μg/ml against P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris, and A. flavus, respectively | 6.25–250 μg/ml | Essiett and Ajibesin (2010) |
| MLE | S. aureus NCIB 8588, S. aureus SW1, S. aureus SW2, S. aureus SS1, S. aureus SS2, S. aureus SS3, S. aureus NC1, S. aureus NC2, S. aureus NC3, S. aureus NC4, Micrococcus luteus NCIB 196, Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIB 3756, B. cereus NCIB 6349, Clostridium sporogenes NCIB 532, Shigella species ST1, Shigella species ST2, Shigella species ST3, Bacillus stearothermophilus NCIB 8222, E. coli NCIB 86, E. coli ST1, E. coli ST2, E. coli ST3, K. pneumoniae NCIB 418, K. pneumoniae SS1, K. pneumoniae SS2, K. pneumoniae SS3, B. subtilis NCIB 3610, Bacillus polymyxa ES, Clostridium pyogenes ES, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) NCIB 775, P. vulgaris ES1, P. aeruginosa ES2, P. aeruginosa ES3, P. aeruginosa ES4, P. aeruginosa ES5, P. aeruginosa ES6, P. aeruginosa ES7, P. aeruginosa ES8, and Bacillus anthracis ES | 1.56, 1.56, 3.13, 3.13, 1.56, 1.56, 12.50, 3.13, 3.13, 6.25, 1.56, 1.56, 3.13, 3.13, 3.13, 3.13, 3.13, 3.13, 25, 25, 25, 25, 3.13, 3.13, 25, 25, 1.56, 0.78, 3.13, 6.25, 1.56, 3.13, 12.50, 12.50, 12.50, 12.50, 25, 12.50, and 6.25 mg/ml, respectively against tested strains | 0.78–25 mg/ml | Akinpelu et al. (2015) |
| MLE | Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus glaucus, Fusarium species, Penicillium expansum, Alternaria species, Trichophyton tonsurans (T. tonsurans), Trichophyton interdigitale, Penicillium camemberti, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichoderma species (nonpathogen), A. flavus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Penicillium italicum, Trichophyton rubrum, C. albicans, and Candida pseudotropicalis | 35, 35, 17.50, ND, 17.50, 35, 2.19, 17.50, 17.50, 17.50, 8.75, 35, 35, 8.75, ND, 35, 8.75 mg/ml, respectively, against tested strains | 2.19–35 mg/ml | Akinpelu et al. (2015) |
| TMA | E. coli (ATCC 8739, AG102, AG100 Atet), Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) (ATCC 13048, CM64, EA27), K. pneumoniae (ATCC 11296, KP55), Providencia stuartii (P. stuartii) (ATCC29916, PS299645), E. cloacae (BM47, BM67), and P. aeruginosa (PA01, PA124) | 256, >256, >256, >256. >256, >256, 256, >256, 64, 256, >256, >256, ND, ND, µg/ml, respectively, against tested pathogens | NS | Mbaveng et al. (2015) |
| MLE | E. coli (ATCC8739, ATCC10536, AG100ATet, AG102), E. aerogenes (ATCC13048, CM64, EA 27, EA 289), K. pneumoniae (ATCC11296, KP55, KP63), P. stuartii (ATCC29916, NEA 16), and P. aeruginosa (PA01, PA124) | 256, 128, >1024, 256, 512, 512, 128, 128, 256, 512, 512, >1,024, 128, 512, and >1,024 μg/ml, respectively, against tested strains | NS | Tchinda et al. (2017) |
| MSE | E. coli (ATCC8739, ATCC10536, AG100ATet, AG102), E. aerogenes (ATCC13048, CM64, EA 27, EA 289), K. pneumoniae (ATCC11296, KP55, KP63), P. stuartii (ATCC29916, NEA 16), and P. aeruginosa (PA01, PA124) | 1,024, 512, >1,024, 512, 512, 512, >1,024, 64, 256, 512, >1,024, 512, >1,024, 512, and >1,024 μg/ml, respectively, against tested strains | NS | Tchinda et al. (2017) |
| MLE | E. coli ATCC 10536, E. faecalis ATCC 1054, E. aerogenes ATCC13048, Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri), Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) ATCC 6539, and S. aureus | 1,024 and 512 μg/ml against S. typhi and S. flexneri, respectively; >1,024 μg/ml against other strains | 8–1,024 μg/ml | Wansi et al. (2017) |
| ALE | E. coli ATCC 10536, E. faecalis ATCC 1054, E. aerogenes ATCC13048, S. flexneri, S. typhi ATCC 6539, and S. aureus | >1,024 μg/ml against all tested strains | 8–1,024 μg/ml | Wansi et al. (2017) |
| ALE | B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, S. typhi | 25, 10, 10, 2.5, 12.5, and 40 mg/ml, respectively, against tested strains | 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/ml | Osabiya et al. (2017) |
| ELE | B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, S. typhi | 10, 5, 5, 5, 2.5, and 30 mg/ml, respectively, against tested strains | 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/ml | Osabiya et al. (2017) |
| MMLE | Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) | 20 mg/ml | 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg/ml | Ngnameko et al. (2019) |
| HxRE, ChRE, EaRE, MRE, ERE, and ARE | B. cereus ATCC 11778 | 500, 63, 250, 63, 63, and 8,000 μg/ml, respectively | 32 mg/ml | Siwe-Noundou et al. (2019) |
| E. faecalis ATCC 29212 | 63, 50, 2,000, 63, 63, and 8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| E. coli ATCC 25922 | 1,000, 500, 500, 500, 500, and 8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| S. aureus ATCC 25923 | 63, 50, 50, 50, 50, and 8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 | 2,000, 125, 125, 125, 125, and 8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| Moraxella catarrhalis (M. catarrhalis) ATCC 23246 | 2,000, 500, 1,000, 1,000, 500, and >8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) ATCC 43071 | 1,000, 500, 250, 250, 250, and >8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) ATCC 15305 | 125, 63, 63, 63, 63, and >8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| HxSE, ChSE, EaSE, MSE, ESE, and ASE | B. cereus ATCC 11778 | 8,000, 250, 250, 1,000, 500, and 8,000 μg/ml, respectively | 32 mg/ml | Siwe-Noundou et al. (2019) |
| E. faecalis ATCC 29212 | 8,000, 2,000, 500, 1,000, 1000, and 8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| E. coli ATCC 25922 | 8,000, 500, 250, 500, 250, and 8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| S. aureus ATCC 25923 | 1,000, 500, 500, 500, 500, and 8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 | 2,000, 500, 500, 500, 500, and 4,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| M. catarrhalis ATCC 23246 | >8,000, 2,000, 2,000, 500, 500, and >8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| P. mirabilis ATCC 43071 | >8,000, 2,000, 8,000, 4,000, 4,000, and >8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| S. saprophyticus ATCC 15305 | 250, 250, 250, 63, 63, and >8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| HLE, ChLE, EaLE, MLE, ELE, and ALE | B. cereus ATCC 11778 | 500, 125, 125, 125, 125, and 4,000 μg/ml, respectively | 32 mg/ml | Siwe-Noundou et al. (2019) |
| E. faecalis ATCC 29212 | 500, 125, 125, 250, 250, and 1,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| E. coli ATCC 25922 | 500, 125, 125, 125, 125, and 4,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| S. aureus ATCC 25923 | 250, 250, 250, 250, 400, and 1,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 | 1,000, 500, 63, 63, 63, and 8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| M. catarrhalis ATCC 23246 | 1,000, 1,000, 125, 2,000, 1,000, and >8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| P. mirabilis ATCC 43071 | >8,000, 8,000, 8,000, 8,000, 2,000, and >8000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| S. saprophyticus ATCC 15305 | 250, 63, 63, 63, 250, and >8,000 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| EA, MA, GS, AOA, and AUA | B. cereus ATCC 11778 | 125, 125, 125, 125, and 125 μg/ml, respectively | 1 mg/ml | Siwe-Noundou et al. (2019) |
| E. faecalis ATCC 29212 | 63, 63, 63, 125, and 125 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| E. coli ATCC 25922 | 63, 63, 63, 63, and 63 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| S. aureus ATCC 25923 | 125, 125, 125, 125, and 125 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 | 16, 31, 31, 16, and 31 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| M. catarrhalis ATCC 23246 | 125, 250, 125, 16, and 16 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| P. mirabilis ATCC 43071 | 125, 250, 250, 63, and 63 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| S. saprophyticus ATCC 15305 | 31, 16, 4, 4, and 4 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| LEO | B. subtilis ATCC 6633, B. cereus ATCC 10872, E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and S. aureus ATCC 25922 | ZOI: 8, 9, 9, 4, and 7 mm, respectively | 100 mg/ml | Otuechere et al. (2019) |
| ALE, EaLE, and ELE | S. typhi | ZOI ranged 6–8, 12–24, and 4–8 mm for aqueous, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, respectively | 20, 40, and 60 mg/ml | Osuntokun and Olajubu (2015) |
| Salmonella paratyphi | ZOI ranged 7–11, 9–19, and 6–10 mm for aqueous, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, respectively |
C1: quercetin-7,4′-disulphate, C2: quercetin, C3: quercetin-3′,4′-disulphate, C4: quercetin-3,4′-diacetate, C5: rutin, C6: quercitrin, SW: surgical wound isolate, SS: sepsis wound isolate, NC: nasal cavity isolate, ST: stool isolate, ES: environmental isolate, TMA: 3,4,3′-tri-O-methylellagic acid, ALE: aqueous leaf extract, EaLE: ethyl acetate leaf extract, ELE: ethanol leaf extract, LEO: essential oil from leaf, EA: ellagic acid, MA: 3-O-methylellagic acid, GS: 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-sitosterol, AOA: 3-O-acetyl-oleanolic acid, AUA: 3-O-acetyl-ursolic acid, MLE: methanol leaf extract, HLE: hexane leaf extract, ChLE: chloroform leaf extract, HxSE: hexane stem bark extract, ChSE: chloroform stem bark extract, ASE: aqueous stem bark extract, EaSE: ethyl acetate stem bark extract, MSE: methanol stem bark extract, ESE: ethanol stem bark extract, MMLE: methylene chloride/methanol (1:1; v/v) leaf extract, HxRE: hexane root extract, ChRE: chloroform root extract, EaRE: ethyl acetate root extract, MRE: methanol root extract, ERE: ethanol root extract, ARE: aqueous root extract, NS: not specified, ND: not determined.