TABLE 4.
Pharmacological activities of extracts/fractions and compounds of A. laxiflora.
| Activity | Extract/compounds | Model | Effects/activity | Study | Dosage | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-amoebic activity | MMLE | E. histolytica clinical isolate | Mild anti-amoebic activity | In vitro | 100 μg/ml | Moundipa et al. (2005) |
| Anti-malarial activity | ELE, PELE, CHLE, EALE, BLE, and ALE | CQ sensitive Pf-3D7 | IC50: 31.57 ± 0.94, 27.85 ± 0.36, 26.06 ± 0.19, 9.92 ± 0.28, >100, >100 μg/ml, respectively | In vitro | NS | Okokon et al. (2017b) |
| CQ-resistant Pf INDO | IC50: 16.38 ± 0.94, 23.47 ± 0.15, 14.47 ± 0.35, 7.51 ± 0.24, 52.63 ± 0.22, and >100 μg/ml, respectively | |||||
| ELE | P. berghei-infected Swiss albino mice | Showed dose-dependent but weak suppressive, repository, and schizonticidal activity compared to standard antimalarial drugs | In vivo | 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg | ||
| ERE, PERE, DMRE, EaRE, BRE, and ARE | CQ sensitive Pf-3D7 | IC50: 52.73 ± 2.26, 81.20 ± 2.34, 72.72 ± 1.14, 38.44 ± 0.89, >100, and >100, respectively, against tested extract and fractions | In vitro | NS | Okokon et al. (2017a) | |
| CQ-resistant Pf INDO | IC50: 56.71 ± 3.43, 90.24 ± 3.38, 73.48 ± 2.35, 40.14 ± 0.78, 98.99 ± 1.53, and >100, respectively, against tested extracts and fractions | |||||
| P. berghei-infected Swiss albino mice | Showed dose-dependent but weak suppressive, repository, and schizonticidal activity compared to standard antimalarial drugs | In vivo | 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg | |||
| MLE, CHLE | P. berghei-infected Swiss albino mice | Significant dose-dependent suppressive, repository, and schizonticidal activity | In vivo | 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg | Oluyemi and Blessing (2019) | |
| Anti-inflammatory activity | ACLE | Soybean 15- LOX inhibition assay | IC50: 46.03 ± 2.10 | In vitro | 100 μg/ml | Dzoyem and Eloff (2015) |
| LPS activated RAW 264.7 cell (NO production inhibition) | 86.38%, 90.96%, and 96.53% inhibition, respectively, at tested dose | 6.25, 12.5, and 25 μg/ml | ||||
| MMLE | Soybean 15- Lox inhibition assay | 54.58 ± 2.39% inhibition; IC50 90.42 ± 0.42 | In vitro | 100 μg/ml | Ndam Ngoungoure et al. (2019) | |
| MMLE | LPS activated RAW 264.7 cell (NO production inhibition) | 68.10 ± 1.64%; IC50 66.57 ± 4.01 | ||||
| Analgesic activity | ERE, DMF, EAF, and BF | Acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced paw licking, and thermally induced pain in mice | ERE and EAF showed significant analgesic activity in all models compared to standard drug | In vivo | 75, 150, and 225 mg/kg | Okokon et al. (2017a) |
| ALE, MLE | Hot plate and tail immersion tests in mice | Showed significant analgesic activity in both animal models. Higher doses (800 and 1,600) showed better analgesic activity than lower doses | In vivo | 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg/kg | Nwonu et al. (2018a) | |
| Anti-diabetic activity | MLE | Alpha-amylase inhibitory assay | IC50: 295.60 ± 0.53 μg/ml | In vitro | 31.25–1,000 μg/ml | Ogbole et al. (2016) |
| MLE | Alloxan-induced diabetic rat model | Significantly lowered blood glucose level in diabetic rats | In vivo | 500 mg/kg | Nimenibo-uadia, (2018) | |
| Anti-HIV activity | HRE, CHRE, EaRE, MRE, ERE, ARE, and MSE | HIV-1 integrase strand transfer assay | IC50: ND, ND, 6.034, 0.0002083, 0.06707, >500 and ND, respectively, against tested extracts | In vitro | 25 μg/ml | Siwe-Noundou et al. (2019) |
| EA, MA, GS, AOA, and AUA | HIV-1 integrase strand transfer assay | IC50: 90.23, >100, ND, >100 and ND, respectively, against tested compounds | 20 µM | |||
| Larvicidal activity | ELE | Anopheles larva. Larvicidal bioassay | Mortality: 32%, 38%, 60%, and 68%, respectively, at assayed concentrations | In vitro | 0.08, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mg/ml | Morah and Uduagwu, (2017) |
| PELE | Anopheles larva. Larvicidal bioassay | Mortality: 30%, 38%, 60%, and 68%, respectively, at assayed concentrations | ||||
| Anti-Parkinson’s disease activity | MMLE | Aminochrome-induced toxicity in human astrocytoma cells (U373MG and U373MGsiGT6) | Significantly decreased aminochrome-induced toxicity in both cell lines | In vitro | 0.1–1 μg/ml | Ngoungoure et al. (2019) |
| Anti-psychotic activity | ALE and MLE | Apomorphine-induced climbing behavior and stereotypic behavior; mice | Dose-dependent significant reduction in climbing and stereotypy behaviors | In vivo | 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg/kg | Nwonu et al. (2018c) |
| Anti-Alzheimer activity | ACLE | AChE inhibitory assay | IC50: 364.12 ± 2.39 μg/ml | In vitro | 0.007, 0.016, 0.031, 0.063, and 0.125 mg/ml | Dzoyem and Eloff (2015) |
| MMLE | AChE inhibition assay | 36.02 ± 0.18% AchE inhibition, IC50: >200 μg/ml | In vitro | 200 μg/ml | Ngoungoure et al. (2019) | |
| HxSE, EaSE, and AqSE | AChE and BuChE inhibition assay | %Inhibition | In vitro | NS | Elufioye (2017) | |
| AChE: 12.31%, 28.10%, 10.69% | ||||||
| BuChE: 4.02%, 16.60%, 13.33% | ||||||
| HRE, EaRE, and ARE | %Inhibition | |||||
| AChE: 13.10%, 25.04%, 12.55% | ||||||
| BuChE: 18.46%, 15.68%, 13.88% | ||||||
| HLE, EALE, and ALE | %Inhibition | |||||
| AChE: 10.69%, 34.20%, 17.38% | ||||||
| BuChE: 7.73%, 18.15%, 4.88% | ||||||
| Anti-convulsant activity | ALE | Swiss albino mice PIC, PTZ, INH, STR, NMDA, MES-induced convulsion test | At 60 mg/kg dose protected against NMDA-induced turning behavior and at 120 mg/kg protected 75% mice in STR-induced convulsions, no effect against PTZ, MES, PIC, and INH-induced convulsions | In vivo | 12, 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg | Bum et al. (2009) |
| Sedative Activity | ALE | Diazepam-induced sleep in mice | Failed to produce sedative action at all tested dose | In vivo | 12, 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg | Bum et al. (2009) |
| Anxiolytic activity | ALE and MLE | Elevated plus maze and staircase exploratory behavior in mice | Significantly increased the percent entry into open arms and increased the percent time spent in open arms in the elevated plus maze test and a significant decrease in rearing and increase in the number of steps climbing in staircase exploratory test | In vivo | 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg/kg | Nwonu et al. (2018b) |
| Anti-diarrheal activity | ALE and MLE | S. flexneri, castor, magnesium-induced diarrhea in rats | Methanolic extract showed a significant antidiarrheal effect in all models | In vivo | 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg | Wansi et al. (2017) |
| Anti-anemia activity | ALE | Iron deficient rats | Significantly increased hematological indices (Hb, RBC, MCV, MCH, and MCHC) at all tested dose | In vivo | 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg | Oladiji et al. (2014) |
| ELE | Male albino rats | The extract significantly increased all hematological indices (RBC, WBC, PCV, platelet, and Hb) at all the dose assayed | In vivo | 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg | Bada et al. (2017) | |
| ALE | Iron deficient rats | Significantly reversed the anemic condition in iron-deficient rats by increasing disaccharidases activity and gastric pH at all tested dose | In vivo | 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg | Soladoye et al. (2014) | |
| MLE | Inhibitory and reversal anti-sickling assay | Extract at 8 mg/ml showed the highest 98.8% sickling inhibitory effect and at 4 mg/ml marginally reversed the sickling of Hb (48.66%) | In vitro | 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/ml | Bamimore and Elujoba (2018) | |
| Antioxidant activity | HRE, MRE, MLE, and HLE | Thiocyanate assay | Antioxidant activity order: HRE (76.4%) > MRE (63%) > MLE (40%) > HLE (38%) | In vitro | NS | Farombi et al. (2003) |
| ABTS assay | Total antioxidant activity: 8, 6.5, 5, and 3 mM equivalent of ascorbic acid, respectively | 2.5 mg/ml | ||||
| HRF: FI, FII, FIII, FIV, FV, and FVI | Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) | 48%, 69%, 16%, 11%, 5%, and 44% inhibition | 1 mg/ml | |||
| ELE, EaF, and BuF | DPPH assay | EC50: 12.97, 24.34, and 106.74 μg/ml for EaF, BuF, and ELE, respectively | In vitro | 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 125, and 250 μg/ml | Adeloye et al. (2005) | |
| HLE, EALE, BLE, and ALE | Ferric thiocyanate method | All extracts at 500 μg/ml showed antioxidant activity (70%–78%) compared to vitamin E (82%) | In vitro | 50, 100, 250, and 500 | Oloyede et al. (2010) | |
| µg/ml | ||||||
| ACLE | DPPH assay | IC50: 17.19 ± 1.02 μg/ml | In vitro | NS | Dzoyem and Eloff, (2015) | |
| ABTS assay | IC50: 18.53 ± 1.42 μg/ml | |||||
| FRAP assay | IC50: 438.42 ± 15.55 μg/ml | |||||
| MLE | Wistar rats | Extract exhibited potent elevation of antioxidant enzymes: serum CAT and SOD level in a dose-dependent manner and liver GSH level at 0.5 and 50 mg/kg | In vivo | 0.5, 1, 10, and 50 mg/kg | Uhunmwangho et al. (2017) | |
| PELE | DPPH assay | Radical scavenging ability: 39.24%, 41.12%, 42.01%, 46.84%, and 50.50% at 0.04, 0.08, 0.1.0.15, and 0.2 mg/ml, respectively | In vitro | 0.04, 0.08, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mg/ml | Morah and Uduagwu (2017) | |
| ELE | DPPH assay | Radical scavenging ability: 8.32%, 12.68%, 24.13%, 37.76%, and 42.95% at 0.04, 0.08, 0.1.0.15, and 0.2 mg/ml, respectively | ||||
| Hepatoprotective activity | MMLE | Male Wistar rats, liver microsomal lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation inhibition assay | Inhibition percent | Ex vivo | 10, 100, and 200 μg/ml | Njayou et al. (2008) |
| Non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation: 58.07 ± 9.91, 84.39 ± 0.75, and 95.90 ± 0.57 | ||||||
| Enzymatic lipid peroxidation: 40.84 ± 0.39, 65.42 ± 1.77, and 79.17 ± 1.57 | ||||||
| Protein oxidation: 58.40 ± 0.40, 85.61 ± 0.40, and 95.60 ± 0.59, respectively, at 10, 100, and 200 μg/ml concentrations | ||||||
| EALE | CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats | The extract at 100 mg/kg significantly lowered the elevated serum levels of ALT, AST, AP, and LDH; reduction in centrilobular necrosis, vacuolization, and macrovesicular fatty changes in the liver at both doses | In vivo | 100 and 200 mg/kg | Oloyede et al. (2011) | |
| HLE | Sodium arsenate-induced liver toxicity in albino rats | Pretreatment of extract exhibited better liver protection compared to the post-treatment group; the extract significantly decreased serum and liver biomarkers levels (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, and TB) in a dose-dependent manner | In vivo | 0.5, 1.0, 5, and 10 mg/kg | Esosa et al. (2013) | |
| MLE | CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats | The extract caused a significant decrease in the liver marker enzymes (GGT, GST, ALT, and ALP) in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest activity at 50 mg/kg | In vivo | 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10.0, and 50 mg/kg | Uhunmwangho et al. (2016) | |
| HRE | Sodium arsenate-induced liver toxicity in male Wistar rats | Pretreatment with extract reduced the elevated levels of liver markers (AST, ALT, and ALP), induced liver metabolizing enzymes (4-nitroanisole demethylase, glutathione-S-transferase, and cytochrome b5), total protein, albumin and globulin levels | In vivo | 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg | Uhunmwangho et al. (2018) | |
| Anti-cancer activity | TChe, HtTO, AOA, AUA, MA, and MARp | HL-60 cells, MTT assay | IC50: 58.7, >100, 6.6, 6.8, >100, and >100 µM | In vitro | NS | Sandjo et al. (2011) |
| MLE | Brine shrimp lethality assay | IC50: 142.40 μg/ml | In vitro | 1.6–5,000 μg/ml | Ogbole et al. (2016) | |
| ELE, PeF | HeLa cells, MTT assay | TC50: 42.04, >100, 54.73, 8.83, >100, and >100 μg/ml | In vitro | 100 μg/ml | Okokon et al. (2017b) | |
| ChF, EaF, BuF, and AqF | HEKS cells, MTT assay | TC50: 15.10, 23.32, 3.20, 1.41, 21.76, and >100 μg/ml, respectively, for tested extracts and fractions | ||||
| MRE, MSE, and MLE | CCRF-CEM cells, resazurin reduction assay | IC50: >80, 49.21 ± 11.16, and 43.67 ± 4.06 μg/ml, respectively, for MRE, MSE, and MLE | In vitro | 80 μg/ml | Kuete et al. (2016) | |
| ERE, PEF, DMF, EAF, BF, and AF | HeLa cells, MTT assay | Not cytotoxic; IC50: >100 μg/ml for all extracts and fractions | In vitro | 100 μg/ml | Okokon et al. (2017a) | |
| ALE and ELE | Brine shrimp lethality assay | LC50: 8.91 and 41.01 for ELE and ALE, respectively | In vitro | 1, 10, 100, 1,000 μg/ml | Osabiya et al. (2017) | |
| HRE, CHRE, EaRE, MRE, ERE, ARE, and MSE | HeLa cells, resazurin reduction assay | Not cytotoxic, percent viability was >100% against all extracts | In vitro | 25 μg/ml | Siwe-Noundou et al. (2019) | |
| EA, MA, GS, AOA, and AUA | HeLa cells, resazurin reduction assay | Not cytotoxic, percent viability was >100% against all compounds | 20 µM | |||
| Tocolytic activity | MLE | Mice | The extract at 100 mg/kg exhibited progesterone-like effects on the ovaries, uterus, and cervical glands | In vivo | 100 and 1,000 mg/kg | Bafor et al. (2015) |
| MLE | Mice, spontaneous, oxytocin, and high KCl-induced uterine contraction inhibitory assay | Extract significantly inhibited uterine contractions in different assays | Ex vivo | 0.0035 mg/ml, 0.035 mg/ml | Bafor et al. (2018) | |
| 0.35 mg/ml and 3.5 mg/ml | ||||||
| Fertility promoting effect | MLE | CCl4-induced reproductive toxicity in rats | The extract significantly reversed the toxic effects of CCl4 by increasing sperm motility and inhibiting sperm morphological aberrations | In vivo | 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10.0, and 50 mg/kg | Uhunmwangho et al. (2016) |
MMLE: methylene chloride/methanol (1:1; v/v) leaf extract, ELE: ethanol leaf extract, PELE: petroleum ether leaf extract, CHLE: chloroform leaf extract, EALE: ethyl acetate leaf extract, BLE: butanol leaf extract, ALE: aqueous leaf extract, ERE: ethanol root extract, PERE: petroleum ether root extract, DMRE: dichloromethane root extract, EaRE: ethyl acetate root extract, BRE: butanol root extract, ARE: aqueous root extract, MLE: methanol leaf extract, AcLE: acetone leaf extract, DMF: dichloromethane fraction of ethanol root extract, EAF: ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol root extract, BF: butanol fraction of ethanol root extract, HRE: hexane root extract, MSE: methanol stem bark extracts, ChRE: chloroform root extract, MRE: methanol root extract, EA: ellagic acid, MA: 3-O-methylellagic acid, GS: 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-sitosterol, AOA: 3-O-acetyl-oleanolic acid, AUA: 3-O-acetyl-ursolic acid, HLE: hexane leaf extract, TChe: (10Z)-tetradec-10-enoic acid-(2S)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl ester; HtTO: (2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3S,4R,15Z)-1,3,4-trihydroxy-15-triaconten-2-yl]octacosamide, MARp: 3-O-methylellagic acid-3′-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, HxSE: hexane stem bark extract, EaSE: ethylacetate stem bark extract, AqSE: aqueous stem bark extract, HRF: hexane root fractions, PeF: petroleum ether fraction of ethanol leaf extract, ChF: chloroform fraction of ethanol leaf extract, EaF: ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol leaf extract, BuF: butanol fraction of ethanol leaf extract, AqF: aqueous fraction of ethanol leaf extract, AF: aqueous fraction of ethanol root extract, PEF: petroleum ether fraction of ethanol root extract, ND: not determined, NS: not specified.