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. 2022 Dec 19;23(6):381–396. doi: 10.1038/s41577-022-00813-1

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Fig. 1 — Non-neutralizing antibodies can engage crystallizable fragment (Fc) receptors (FcRs) on multiple types of immune cell, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells, to stimulate effector functions that influence the outcome of infection. Antibodies that bind to the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can also mediate complement fixation. Fc-dependent antibody responses tend to have antiviral functions that mediate disease resolution when properly regulated (green boxes) but may contribute to immunopathology and exacerbate disease when dysregulated (red boxes). ADCC, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; ADCD, antibody-dependent complement deposition; ADCP, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis; BCR, B cell receptor; NET, neutrophil extracellular trap; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TCR, T cell receptor.