Table 3.

The impact of urbanization on residents’ health risks

Variables	lnVI			lnDE
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
lnUR	0.1165***	− 2.3816***	40.1438***	− 0.0787**	− 1.3277***
	(2.86)	(− 5.60)	(7.00)	(− 2.03)	(− 3.19)
lnUR2		0.3449***	− 11.2227***		0.1724***
		(5.90)	(− 7.34)		(3.01)
lnUR3			1.0436***
			(7.70)
lnGDP	− 0.0686**	− 0.0536*	0.0263*	0.0662**	0.0708**
	(− 2.03)	(− 1.82)	(1.82)	(2.04)	(2.20)
lnME	0.3264***	0.3338***	0.5047***	0.0418*	0.0455*
	(12.40)	(13.13)	(24.97)	(1.67)	(1.83)
lnED	− 0.0746***	− 0.0597**	− 0.0076	− 0.1361***	− 0.1287***
	(− 2.63)	(− 2.17)	(− 0.50)	(− 5.03)	(− 4.78)
lnEN	− 0.0351***	− 0.0325***	− 0.0299***	− 0.0033	− 0.0021
	(− 3.57)	(− 3.44)	(− 4.13)	(− 0.31)	(− 0.18)
lnOR	− 0.0408	− 0.0402	0.0486*	0.2241***	0.2244***
	(− 1.44)	(− 1.47)	(1.73)	(8.32)	(8.41)
Constant	0.5443*	4.7860***	− 49.173***	1.8949***	4.0156***
	(1.67)	(6.10)	(− 6.85)	(6.11)	(5.23)
Observations	496	496	496	496	496
R2	0.953	0.957	0.940	0.301	0.315
Province FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year FE	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes
Hausman	P = 0.0000	P = 0.0000	P = 0.0000	P = 0.0000	P = 0.0000

^*, ^**, and ^*** indicate significance levels of 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively.