. 2022 Sep 16;116(6):1565–1579. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac255

TABLE 5.

Changes in renal function parameters according to quartiles of 1-y changes in choline intake¹

Variables	Total n	Q1 (−203.5 to −39.7 mg/d) (n = 832)	Q2 (−39.6 to −4.3 mg/d) (n = 840)	Q3 (−4.2 to 35.1 mg/d) (n = 836)	Q4 (35.2–233.8 mg/d) (n = 859)	P model 1	P model 2	P model 3	P-linear trend
Δ Urea, mg/dL	3046	0.88 ± 10.10	0.42 ± 9.99	1.13 ± 10.71	0.99 ± 8.62	0.515	0.516	0.511	0.360
Δ Creatinine, mg/dL	3349	0.01 ± 0.34	0.00 ± 0.12	0.00 ± 0.11	0.00 ± 0.11	0.690	0.690	0.653	0.293
Δ Uric acid, mg/dL	3260	0.12 ± 3.40	0.04 ± 2.94	0.11 ± 4.91	0.00 ± 2.48	0.593	0.594	0.590	0.805
Δ Urine creatinine, mg/dL	3332	−1.81 ± 53.21	−0.82 ± 57.63	−4.16 ± 53.71	−5.42 ± 56.24	0.094	0.094	0.049	0.004
Δ eGFR, mL · min⁻¹ · 1.73m⁻²	3349	0.07 ± 9.32	0.12 ± 9.15	−0.07 ± 8.64	−0.32 ± 8.86	0.316	0.316	0.367	0.617
eGFR, >10% decrease, yes	3349	96 (11.0)	112 (13.0)	120 (13.8)	133 (15.0)	0.203	0.203	0.195	0.195
Δ UACR, mg/g	3367	3.14 ± 43.58	2.41 ± 40.55	−0.33 ± 40.46	1.02 ± 36.01	0.144	0.144	0.129	0.300

Total n = 3367. Values are mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Choline intake was adjusted by energy residuals. Characteristics among quartiles were compared using 1-factor ANOVA. Model 1: adjusted by sex, age, and center. Model 2: adjusted by sex, age, center, civil status, education, smoking habits, sedentary lifestyle, and choline intake at baseline. Model 3: adjusted by sex, age, center, civil status, education, smoking habits, sedentary lifestyle, choline intake at baseline, adherence to an er-MedDiet and changes in adherence to an er-MedDiet, energy intake and changes in energy intake, and PA and changes in PA. P-linear trend: adjusted by age, sex, center, BMI, and energy intake at baseline. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; er-MedDiet, energy-restricted traditional Mediterranean diet; PA, physical activity; Q, quartile; UACR, urine albumin:creatinine ratio.