TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with baseline TMAO and CMPF measurements1
| Values | |
|---|---|
| Age, y | 76.0 (70.4, 80.8) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 465 (63.1%) |
| Country, n (%) | |
| Germany | 115 (15.6%) |
| Poland | 61 (8.3%) |
| Sweden | 213 (28.9%) |
| United Kingdom | 348 (47.2%) |
| Primary renal diagnosis (n = 729), n (%) | |
| Glomerular disease | 85 (11.5%) |
| Tubulo-interstitial disease | 63 (8.5%) |
| Systemic disease affecting the kidney | 21 (2.8%) |
| Diabetes | 165 (22.4%) |
| Hypertension | 232 (31.5%) |
| Familial/hereditary nephropathies | 33 (4.5%) |
| Miscellaneous renal disorders | 23 (3.1%) |
| Unknown | 107 (14.5%) |
| Charlson comorbidity index (n = 726) | 7 (6–8) |
| Previous CVD, n (%) | 335 (45.5%) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 319 (43.3%) |
| eGFR (MDRD), mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 19.7 (16.0, 23.0) |
| Diastolic BP (n = 727), mmHg | 74 (67, 81) |
| Systolic BP (n = 727), mmHg | 147 (132, 160) |
| Height (n = 695), cm | 169 (161, 175) |
| Weight (n = 712), kg | 80.0 (69.9, 91.5) |
| BMI (n = 686), kg/m2 | 28.2 (24.9, 32.0) |
| BMI group (kg/m2) (n = 686), n (%) | |
| <22 | 49 (6.6%) |
| 22–24.9 | 130 (17.6%) |
| 25–29.9 | 250 (33.9%) |
| >30 | 257 (34.9%) |
| Waist circumference (n = 700), cm | 103 (95, 113) |
| ɑ-Blocker, n (%) | 204 (27.7%) |
| B-Blocker, n (%) | 414 (56.2%) |
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 385 (52.2%) |
| Lipid-lowering, n (%) | 466 (63.2%) |
| SGA overall assessment | 6.0 (5.0, 7.0) |
| SGA <5 (malnourished), n (%) | 239 (32.4%) |
| Low-protein-diet prescription (n = 732), n (%) | 68 (9.3%) |
| Hemoglobin (n = 715), mmol/L | 7.1 (6.6, 7.9) |
| Sodium (n = 721), mmol/L | 141.0 (139.0, 142.0) |
| Potassium (n = 724), mmol/L | 4.6 (4.2, 5.0) |
| Calcium (n = 699), mmol/L | 2.3 (2.2, 2.4) |
| Phosphate (n = 690), mmol/L | 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) |
| Urea (n = 714), mmol/L | 17.8 (14.6, 22.2) |
| Albumin (n = 657), g/L | 38.0 (34.2, 41.0) |
| Total cholesterol (n = 550), mmol/L | 4.5 (3.7, 5.5) |
| PTH (n = 587), pmol/L | 15.4 (9.0, 23.5) |
| ACR (n = 335), mg/mmol | 49.3 (8.5, 198.4) |
| TMAO, µM | 18.2 (11.9–28.5) |
| CMPF, µM | 7.1 (2.6, 14.9) |
1
Values are medians (IQR), or n (%), as appropriate; n = 737. ACEi/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; ACR, albumin creatinine ratio; BP, blood pressure; CMPF, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SGA, subjective global assessment; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.