Table 1.
Studies of real-world cases of fare-free public transport programs.
| Location (Time span) | Targeted group | Time of day | Scope of fare-free public transport | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leiden and The Hague (January–December 2004) | Everybody | All day from Monday to Friday | 3 bus lines | Ridership on free bus lines increased from 1,000 to 3,000 passengers a day. Congestion was not eased. |
Goeverden et al. (2006) |
| Hasselt, Belgium (July 1997–April 2013) | Everybody | All day from Monday to Sunday | 9 bus lines | Ninefold increase in ridership in the first year. | Brand (2008), Goeverden et al. (2006) |
| Aubagne and nearby municipalities, France (2009–) | Everybody | All day from Monday to Sunday | 11 regular bus lines, 13 school bus lines, and a tram line | Ridership increased by about three times in seven years. | Kębłowski (2018) |
| Tallinn, Estonia (2013–) | Registered Tallinn residents | All day from Monday to Sunday | Buses, trolley buses, and trams | Ridership increased by 1.2% for the first four months of operation. Public transport's share increased by 14%. Vehicle miles traveled increased by 31%. |
Cats et al. (2014), Cats et al. (2017), Hess (2017) |