Table 3.

Impacts of Coronavirus on various fishery and aquaculture dependent stakeholders of Bangladesh (source: in-depth face-to-face interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions).

Livelihood capital	Identified impacts of COVID-19 on fisheries and aquaculture	Impacts of covid-19 on stakeholders
		Fishers	Fish farmers	Fish traders	Fish auctioneers
Natural	Reduced fishing disturbance temporarily in natural water body in early months of the pandemic	√	×	×	×
	Increased fish culture period	×	√(85)	×	×
	Reduced fish stocking in aqua-farms	×	√(45)	×	×
	Aquaculture continued but at a reduced level	×	√	×	×
	Reduced fish supply in the market/auction centre	√	√	√	√
Human	Children’s education hampered severely as schools were closed for long time	√(95)	√(90)	√(90)	√(50)
	Reduced food intake (three meals to two meals per day, mostly for the female household members)	√(70)	√(35)	×	×
	Dramatically reduced nutritious food intake	√(60)	√	×	×
	Increased level of non-COVID-19 diseases	√	√	√	√
	Inadequate medical supports for household members	√	√	×	×
	Insufficient foods and treatment for adolescences and pregnant women	√	√	√	×
	Increased level of mental stress for household members	√	√	√	√
	Lack of labour	×	×	×	√(35)
Physical	Selling of some physical assets to run the household	√(25)	√(15)	×	×
	Hardship in buying COVID-19 safety materials such as hand sanitiser, face masks, etc. due to financial crisis	√	√	√	×
	Had to provide increased amount of fish feed due to longer aquaculture period	×	√(80)	×	×
	Halt of transport during early months of the pandemic	×	×	√(65)	√(65)
Financial	Reduced income from fish selling	√(100)	√(100)	√(60)	√(50)
	Reduced income from non-fisheries related activities	√	×	√	×
	Debt increased and fell under debt cycle	√(35)	×	×	×
	Extra money required for maintaining health guidelines and buying soap, hand sanitiser, masks and gloves	√	√	√	√
	Extra cost required to cultivate the unsold fish in ponds	×	√(80)	×	×
	Increased cost for fish transportation	×	×	√(55)	×
	Reduced income due to shortening of marketing hours	√	×	√(50)	×
	Commission decreased due to less supply of fish	×	×	×	√(20)
Social	Domestic violence on females increased to some extent	√(30)	√(30)	×	×
	More family quarrel	√(45)	×	×	×
	More competition in fishing at later stage of COVID-19 due to return of factory workers to villages	√(35)	×	×	×
	Less options for family entertainment	√	×	×	×
	Not able to meet extended family members and friends during the pandemic period	√	√	√	√
	Very hard to maintain physical distance on boat while fishing	√	×	×	×
	Reduced political activities	×	×	√	√
Institutional	More illegal fishing due to less patrolling	√(30)	×	×	×
	Disruption of normal activities of fisheries association	√	√	√	√
	Reduced connection with government offices	×	×	√	√

*‘√’ means impacts have been reported; ‘×’ means impacts are not found; and percent responses of stakeholders in parenthesis.