Table 1.
Demographic Variables of Child Participants.
| Article | N | Mean Age in Years; yrs. or Months; mo. (SD) | Gender (% male) | Location | Race/Ethnicity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ben-Sasson et al. (2018) | 115 | 25.06 mo. (4.46) | 58.3 | Israel | Not Reported |
| Bishop et al. (2017) | ASD: 159 Non-ASD: 130 |
ASD: 8.15 yrs. Non-ASD: 8.4 yrs. |
ASD: 76.1 Non-ASD: 66.2 |
Michigan & Ohio, U.S.A. | W: 71 (ASD); 57.7 (Non-ASD) B: 8.8 (ASD); 29.2 (Non-ASD) Other: 15.1 (ASD); 13.1 (Non-ASD) |
| Chambers et al. (2017) | Total: 26 ASD: 10 Non-ASD: 16 |
ASD: 38.03 mo. (5.28) Non-ASD: 22.79 mo. (4.82) |
ASD: 70 Non-ASD: 81 |
South Africa | KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa |
| Corona, Weitlauf et al. (2020) | Total: 51 ASD: 35 DD: 10 TD: 6 |
Total: 2.49 yrs. (0.35) ASD: 2.51 yrs. (0.32) DD: 2.43 yrs. (0.46) TD: 2.45 yrs. (0.37) |
Total: 70.6 ASD: 74 DD: 70 TD: 50 |
Tennessee, U.S.A. | W: 63 (ASD); 60 (DD); 67 (TD) B: 17 (ASD); 30 (DD); 17 (TD)H: 9 (ASD) Other: 20 (ASD); 10 (DD); 17 (TD) |
| Duda et al. (2016) | Total: 222 ASD: 60 Non-ASD: 109 |
5.8 yrs. (4.6) | 76.15 | Massachusetts, U.S.A. | Not reported |
| Gabrielsen et al. (2015) | Total: 42 ASD: 14 LD: 14 TD: 14 |
Total: 23.4 mo. (5.2) ASD: 22.7 mo. (4.8) LD: 23.0 mo. (5.5) TD: 24.5 mo. (5.5) |
Overall: 71 ASD: 86 Language:64 TD: 64 |
Suburban pediatric practice in Utah, U.S.A. | W: 57 B: 2 NA: 2 H: 29 PI: 7 A: 2 |
| Juárez et al. (2018) | Study 1: 20 Study 2: 45 |
Study 1: 26.7 mo. (4.49) Study 2: 26.8 mo. (3.12) |
Study 1: 80 Study 2:77.78 |
Tennessee, U.S.A. Study 1: University- Medical Center Study 2: RuralRegional Health Center |
Study 1: not reported Study 2: W: 66.67 B: 20 H: 6.67 Other: 6.67 |
| Maleka et al., 2016) | 207 | 1.94 yrs. (1.35) | Not reported | South Africa | B: 99.9 Other: 0.5 |
| Morgan et al. (2008) | ASD: 50 DD: 25 TD: 50 |
ASD: 44.18 mo. (14.09) DD: 47.33 mo. (14.51) |
ASD: 86 DD: 76 TD: 86 |
Not Reported | W: 72 (ASD); 68 (DD); 84 (TD) B: 16 (ASD); 20 (DD); 14 (TD) H: 8 (ASD); 8 (DD); 2 (TD) A: 4 (ASD); 4 (DD) |
| Nelson et al. (2019) | 152 | 24.5 mo. (8.8.) | 76 | Underserved areas in Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A. | H: 97 W: 1 B: 2 Other: 1 |
| Obeid et al. (2019) | 49 | 39 mo. | 49 | Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. | B: 93 |
| Other: 7 | |||||
| Reese et al. (2013) | Total: 21 ASD: 11 DD: 10 |
Not reported: Ages ranged from 3−5 yrs. | 85.7 | Kansas, U.S.A. | W: 90.4 B: 4.8 Other: 4.8 |
| Reese et al. (2015) | 17 | 4.47 yrs. | 70.6 | Kansas, U.S.A. | W: 88.2 B: 5.9 H: 5.9 |
| Smith et al. (2017) | Total: 51 ASD: 41 TD: 11 |
50.6 mo. (16.84) | 70.6 | Southwestern area of U.S.A. | W: 41.2 B: 7.8 H: 43.1 Other: 7.8 |
| Sturner et al. (2016) | 98 | 22.9 mo. (6.1) | 74.5 | Baltimore, MD, U.S.A. (Kennedy Krieger Institute) | W: 65.3 B: 11.2 A: 5.1 NA: 2 Other: 16.3 % |
| Thomas et al. (2016) | 54 | 18 mo. | 48 | Family medicine clinic in Calgary, Alberta, Canada | Not Reported |
Note. A: Asian; ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder; B: Black/African American; DD: Developmental Delay; F: Female; H: Hispanic; LD: Language Delay; M: Male; NA: Native American; PI: Pacific Islander; TD: Typically Developing; W: White.