Fig. 3.

Endothelial activation studies between the different shear regimes. In order to establish the system parameters causing activation of YAP correlate to endothelial activation, 2 markers of endothelial inflammation (VCAM-1 and vWF) were examined under the laminar and oscillatory flow conditions. For both markers, oscillatory flow patterns resulted in marked intensity increases for VCAM-1 (a and b, fluorescence: 10 μL min⁻¹ − 2.4 ± 0.8 AU × 10³ μm², oscillatory 10 μL min⁻¹ − 7.1 ± 2 AU × 10³ μm²) and vWF (c and d, fluorescence: 10 μL min⁻¹ − 3.1 ± 2 AU × 10³ μm², oscillatory 10 μL min⁻¹ − 17 ± 5 AU × 10³ μm²). For VCAM-1, n = 74 cells; for vWF, n = 69 cells. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test, significance taken at p < 0.05. Data is reported as the normalized intensity (to cellular area), mean ± standard deviation.