Table 1.
Sociodemographic, lifestyle, biochemical and clinical characteristics of the study population according to 10-year CVD incidence (n = 2020)
| CVD-free (n = 1703) | CVD (n = 317) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 42.9 ± 12.8 | 57.8 ± 13.2 | < 0.001 |
| Males, % | 47.4 | 62.5 | < 0.001 |
| Educational level, % | < 0.001 | ||
| low | 15.0 | 37.5 | |
| medium | 46.3 | 39.4 | |
| high | 38.7 | 23.0 | |
| Financial status, % | 0.240 | ||
| low | 22.3 | 24.2 | |
| medium | 32.2 | 29.9 | |
| high | 32.3 | 37.6 | |
| very high | 13.2 | 8.3 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.0 ± 4.5 | 27.9 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 |
| 25–30 kg/m2, % | 38.8 | 47.6 | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 30 kg/m2, % | 16.4 | 27.1 | < 0.001 |
| WC, cm | 89.3 ± 15.1 | 97.3 ± 13.7 | < 0.001 |
| Increased WC, % | 51.1 | 67.8 | < 0.001 |
| Current smokers, % | 41.9 | 35.3 | 0.028 |
| Ever smokers, % | 54.5 | 56.8 | 0.459 |
| Pack-years | 320 (140, 600) | 600 (260, 1000) | < 0.001 |
| MedDietScore (0–55) | 26.4 ± 6.2 | 22.8 ± 6.5 | < 0.001 |
| MedDietScore < 26.5, % | 55.5 | 88.3 | < 0.001 |
| Physically active, % | 40.9 | 40.7 | 0.935 |
| TC, mg/dL | 190 (163, 218) | 203 (178, 232) | < 0.001 |
| TC ≥200 mg/dL, % | 39.3 | 53.5 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 119 (95, 144) | 125 (107, 155) | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL, % | 70.3 | 83.2 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 48 (39, 57) | 43 (36, 53) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C < 40/50 mg/dL, % | 41.2 | 55.4 | < 0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 94 (66, 137) | 129 (93, 182) | < 0.001 |
| TG ≥150 mg/dL, % | 20.7 | 39.0 | < 0.001 |
| Lp(a), mg/dL | 10.9 (4.6, 23.5) | 13.0 (5.0, 27.4) | 0.052 |
| Lp(a) ≥50 mg/dL, % | 8.2 | 11.3 | 0.079 |
| Use of lipid-lowering meds, % | 8.1 | 26.5 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 28.0 | 50.7 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 4.6 | 21.5 | < 0.001 |
Categorical variables are presented as relative frequencies, while numerical variables are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or median (1st, 3rd quartile) if normally distributed or skewed, respectively
aP values for between-group comparisons, as derived from Pearson’s chi-square test for categorical variables, Student’s t test for normally distributed numerical variables and the Mann–Whitney U test for skewed numerical variables
BMI Body mass index, CVD Cardiovascular disease, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Lp(a) Lipoprotein(a), MedDietScore Mediterranean Diet Score, TC Total cholesterol, TG Triglycerides, WC Waist circumference