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. 2022 Dec 19;10:234. doi: 10.1186/s40168-022-01397-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — Modified microbial metabolites reduce ZEN-induced toxicity on reproductive and immune systems. a Uterine size (uterine length, uterine width, and uterine horn’s width) of phase-3 pigs among the control (Ctrl), zearalenone (ZEN), ZEN supplemented with recombinant Bs-Z6 strain (Bs-Z6) groups (n=4). b Representative H&E staining of immune organs (e.g., thymus) and reproductive organs (e.g., uterus) from each group under ×40 magnification. The scale bar represents 100 μm. c Representative TEM images of thymus and uterus (The arrows show swelling nucleus). The scale bar represents 2 μm. d The mRNA expression of oxidative stress markers in the thymus and uterus (n=8). e, g Transcriptomic analysis reveals altered gene expression patterns in the thymus (e) and uterus (g). f, h The top 15 enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms from the biological process in the thymus (f) and uterus (h). i Pathways related to immune diseases and system in top30 KEGG pathways of the thymus and uterus. j Statistical analysis of top30 KEGG pathways enriched by differentially expressed genes (DEGs). k RT-qPCR results of pro-inflammatory cytokines detected in the thymus and uterus. Bar values are means ± SEM. *P < 0.05