Table 1. Summary of the modifications that alter mitochondria and/or chloroplast function in microalgae.
The table sumarizes the changes in phenotype after the modification of growth conditions or gene modification in different microalgae species.
| Microalgae | Intervention | Modified traits and/or phenotype | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phaeodactylum tricornutum | LACS genes knockout/knockdown using CRISPR/Cas9 | Deficiency in the accumulation of TAG and alteration in the fatty acid profile | Hao et al. (2022) |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Induction of mETC and chloroplast ETC by metabolites | Induction of photosynthetic genes | Matsuo & Obokata (2006) |
| Chlorella zonfingiensis | Growth in presence of glucose analogs and glucosamine (hexokinase inhibitor) | Increase in astaxanthin amounts that cause an increase in the levels of chloroplastic enzymes (β-carotenoid ketolase (BKT) and beta-carotenoid hydroxylase (CHYb)) | Li et al. (2008) |
| Antimycin A or rotenone | Decrease in β-carotenoid ketolase and β-carotenoid hydroxylase transcripts | Li et al. (2008) | |
| Salicyl hydroxamic acid | Decrease in astaxanthin amounts Inhibition of β-carotenoid ketolase and β-carotenoid hydroxylase transcripts | Li et al. (2008) | |
| Chlorella pyrenoidosa | Antimycin A and sodium azide | Decrease in the production of lutein and chlorophyll | Liu et al. (2018) |
| Salicyl hydroxamic acid | Increase biosynthesis of lutein and chlorophyll | Liu et al. (2018) | |
| Nannochloropsis oceanica | Overexpression of RubisCo activase | Improvement of photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production. Increase TAG content | Wei et al. (2017) |
| Nannochloropsis sp. | Lighting changes (from low to high light) | Induction of photosynthesis and respiration, increase in the occupation of the cell volume by mitochondria and increase in the contacts between mitochondria and chloroplasts. | Uwizeye et al. (2021) |
| Chlorella vulgaris | Overexpression of fru-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase | Improvement of the photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production | Yang et al. (2017) |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Engineering of PSII D1 subunit | Improvement of the photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production | Vinyard et al. (2014) |
| Dunaliella salina | Expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and malic enzyme | Increase in lipid content | Talebi et al. (2014) |
| Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Overexpression of chloroplast diacylglycerol acyltransferase 3 | Increase in TAG levels | Niu et al. (2013) |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Overexpression of chloroplast diacylglycerol acyltransferase 3 | Increase in TAG levels | Carro et al. (2022) |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Mutation in the proton gradient regulation -5 protein (PGR5) | Deficiency in the cyclic electron flow Increase in respiration. Increase in hydrogen production | Elman et al. (2022) |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | CRISPR/CAS9 modification of PEPC1 (deficiency of PEPC1) | Decrease in TCA pathway with an increase in lipid accumulation | Kao & Ng (2017) |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | CRISPR/CAS9 modification of zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) and ADPGlc PPase (AGP) | Increase in lipid content | Song et al. (2022) |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Overexpression of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (mediated by A. tumefaciens transformation) | Improvement of lipid and terpenoid synthesis | Huang et al. (2021) |