Table 2.

Materials and performances of energy harvestors based on fiber, yarn, and fabric

Device type	Device form	Fabrication	Materials	Parameters	Output performance	Strain [%]	Refs.
PENG	Fiber	Melt spinning	Carbon black, polyethylene, PVDF	1 cm, 10 Hz	23 nW cm−1	0.4	[234]
		Melt spinning	PI	0.3 N	219 mV	4.8	[235]
		Dipping	ZnO nanowire, PVDF	2 cm, <1.0 Hz	0.2 V, 10 nA cm−2, 2 µW cm−3	2.3	[236]
	Yarn	Triaxial braiding	PVDF, Ag, PA	2 cm, 0.25 Hz	380 mV, 29.62 µW cm−3	50	[157]
		Electrospinning	P(VDF‐TrFE)	1.87 g cm−3	16.2 mV	80	[158]
	Fabric	Weaving	PVDF, PET	4.95 cm2, 6 Hz, 6.6 MΩ	125 µW cm−2	20	[173]
		Knitting	PVDF, Ag, PA66	79.5 cm2, 0.106 kPa	14 V, 30 µA, 5.10 µW cm−2	–	[237]
		Dip‐coating	Glass fiber fabric, PDMS	64 cm2, 1 Hz	110 V, 16.41 nA cm−2	50	[238]
		3D printing	P(VDF‐TrFE), BaTiO3	1 cm2, 107 Ω, 60 N, 5 Hz	6 V, 2 µA cm−2, 1.4 µW cm−2	>300	[194]
		Electrospinning	MWCNT, P(VDF‐TrFE)	3 cm2, 10 MΩ, 1 Hz	18.23 V, 2.14 µA, 6.53 µW cm−2	>75	[239]
		Electrospinning	PU, P(VDF‐TrFE), BaTiO3, graphite	1 cm2, 1.0 Hz	9.3 V, 189 nA, 1.76 µW cm−2	40	[186]
TENG	Fiber	Dip‐coating	Cotton thread, CNT, PTFE	0.207 mg cm−1, 5 Hz	0.16 nC, 0.1 µW cm−2	2.15	[240]
		Coating	Silicon rubber, CNT, Cu	10 cm, 5 Hz	142.8 V, 0.18 µA cm−1, 6.1 nC m−1	70	[241]
	Yarn	Coating	PDMS, BaTiO3, SIS, PA	10 cm, 34 N, 10 Hz	76.8 V, 7.86 µA, 200.9 µW cm−2	250	[242]
		Coating	ZnS, PDMS	0.85 cm2	21 V, 0.1 µA, 8.5 nC	314	[156]
		Twisting	PI, PET, cotton	0.083 mg mm−1, 1000 MΩ, 30 N, 1 Hz	73.55 µW m−1	5	[108]
	Fabric	Weaving	Cu, PET, PI	Tapping speed: 10 cm s−1	4.98 V, 15.50 mA m−2	–	[109]
		3D orthogonal woven	Stainless steel, PET, PDMS	18 cm2, 132 MΩ, 3 Hz	45 V, 1.8 µA, 18 nC, 263.36 mW m−2	–	[243]
		Flat knitting	Cotton, PA, Ag, silicone rubber	25 cm2, 4 kPa, 4 Hz	1.2 V, 6.04 nA, 0.4 nC, 3.4 mW m−2	300	[110]
		Dip‐coating	PET fabric, HCOENPs, black phosphorus, Ag flakes, PDMS	49 cm2 5 N, 4 Hz	880 V, 1.1 µA cm−2, 9 nC cm−2	100	[203]
		Dip‐coating	PET fabric, HCOENPs	2.25 cm2, water‐flow: 6 mL s−1, 100 MΩ	15 V, 4 µA, 0.14 W m−2	–	[219]
		Electrospinning,	SiO2, P(VDF‐TrFE)	Water‐flow: 10 mL s−1	36 V, 10 µA	>300	[117]
		Electrospinning, Electrospraying, Screen printing	PVDF‐HFP, SEBS, LM, Ag flakes	4 cm2, 5 Hz, 30 N, 20 MΩ	85 V, 4 µA, 15 nC, 219.66 mW m−2	490	[180]
TEG	Fiber	Electrospinning	CA, CNT	2 cm, ΔT = 41 K	65.4 mV cm−2	≈15	[244]
		Wet spinning	PEDOT:PSS	ΔT = 10 K	0.72 mV, 0.51 nW, 0.323 µW cm−2	30.5	[245]
		Electrospinning	CNT, PU, PEDOT:PSS	3 cm, T = 28 K, 3000 Ω	6.78 nW	350	[246]
	Yarn	Twisting	CNT, PDMS	21 cm2, ΔT = 25 K, T = 298 K	1.5 V, 1.2 mW	20	[168]
		Coating	PEDOT:PSS, Lycra	1.5 cm, ΔT = 95 K	1.3 mV, 480 pW, 0.5 µW	1000	[159]
	Fabric	3D weaving	CNT, PU	13.92 cm2, ΔT  = 30 K	218 mV, 16.9 µW	100	[175]
		Knitting	CNT, PEDOT:PSS	ΔT = 44 K	700 µA, 4.64 µW, 70 mW m−2	80	[183]
		3D printing	Liquid metal, PDMS	1.848 cm3, Δ T = 60 °C	392 mV, 10.7 mW, 650 µW cm−2	30	[247]
		Electrospinning	PVP, PU, CNT	4 cm2, T = 24 °C	0.75 mV	250	[248]