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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 22.
Published in final edited form as: J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2022 Mar 22;29(4-6):246–251. doi: 10.1080/1067828x.2022.2052219

Table 1.

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid (AAS) Use in Association with Other Drug Use, Injection Drug Use, and Team Sport Participation among US High School Students, 2017

Full Sample (N=12,068) Boys (n=5,816) Girls (n=6,157)
AAS No AAS F, p-value rho, S.E. AAS No AAS F, p-value rho, S.E. AAS No AAS F, p-value rho, S.E.
Total 2.98% 97.04% -- -- 3.46% 96.54% -- -- 2.41% 97.58% -- --
Grade 9th 2.88% 97.12% 0.625, 0.598 0.01, 0.01 2.91% 97.09% 0.905, 0.437 0.06, 0.01 2.87% 97.13% 0.613, 0.607 −0.05, 0.04
10th 2.56% 97.44% 2.95% 97.05% 2.19% 97.81%
11th 3.32% 96.68% 4.09% 95.91% 2.28% 97.72%
12th 2.91% 97.09% 3.74% 96.26% 2.06% 97.94%
Race/ Ethnicity White 2.28% 97.72% 3.88, 0.009 -- 2.98% 97.02% 1.88, 0.133 -- 1.64% 98.36% 3.153, 0.024 --
Black 3.40% 96.60% 3.77% 96.23% 2.74% 97.26%
Hispanic 3.93% 96.07% 4.68% 95.32% 3.21% 96.79%
Other 3.00% 97.00% 3.46% 97.47% 3.20% 96.80%
Alcohol Yes 4.05% 95.95% 94.41, <0.001 0.44, 0.04 4.92% 95.08% 65.32 <0.001 0.51, 0.06 3.23% 96.77% 30.75, <0.001 0.36, 0.07
No 0.54% 99.46% 0.46% 99.54% 0.64% 99.36%
Marijuana Yes 6.08% 93.92% 225.94, <0.001 0.49, 0.03 7.27% 92.73% 129.52, <0.001 0.51, 0.03 4.85% 95.15% 103.54, <0.001 0.47, 0.06
No 0.80% 99.20% 0.96% 99.04% 0.65% 99.35%
Cocaine Yes 26.94% 73.06% 800.60, <0.001 0.67, 0.02 31.04% 68.96% 490.59, <0.001 0.70, 0.02 19.94% 80.06% 243.22, <0.001 0.59, 0.07
No 1.83% 98.17% 1.98% 98.02% 1.68% 98.32%
Methamphetamine Yes 47.45% 52.55% 1359.28, <0.001 0.78, 0.02 51.62% 48.38% 871.09, <0.001 0.82, 0.03 34.65% 65.35% 333.71, <0.001 0.66, 0.05
No 1.93% 98.07% 1.95% 98.05% 1.93% 98.07%
Inhalants Yes 21.71% 78.28% 752.31, <0.001 0.64, 0.02 29.33% 70.67% 618.01, <0.001 0.71, 0.03 13.85% 86.15% 178.97, <0.001 0.53, 0.04
No 1.70% 98.30% 1.18% 98.19% 1.62% 98.38%
Prescription Pain Relievers Yes 14.52% 85.48% 628.99, <0.001 0.65, 0.02 18.22% 81.78% 369.60, <0.001 0.68, 0.04 11.06% 88.94% 270.24, <0.001 0.62, 0.02
No 1.06% 98.94% 1.24% 98.76% 0.85% 99.15%
Heroin Yes 64.41% 35.59% 2004.06, <0.001 0.85, 0.02 62.25% 37.75% 1123.87, <0.001 0.85, 0.03 63.71% 36.29% 650.54, <0.001 0.81, 0.04
No 1.93% 98.07% 2.01% 97.99% 1.88% 98.12%
Injection Drug Use Yes 62.42% 37.58% 1592.96, <0.001 0.82, 0.02 65.95% 34.05% 1014.54, <0.001 0.85, 0.03 49.47% 50.53% 387.99, <0.001 0.72, 0.06
No 2.10% 97.90% 2.21% 97.79% 2.03% 97.97%
Team Sport Participation Yes 3.03% 96.97% 0.26, 0.610 0.02, 0.02 3.75% 96.25% 1.94, 0.164 0.07, 0.05 2.22% 97.78% 0.90, 0.344 −0.05, 0.04
No 2.84% 97.16% 2.92% 97.08% 2.67% 97.34%

Note. Rho assess the strength of association between AAS use and the given substance/variable.