FIGURE 3.
Caudate growth between 6 and 24 months in infants at high or low likelihood for ASD who did or did not develop ASD and infants with fragile X syndromea
a ASD=autism spectrum disorder; FXS=fragile X syndrome; HL-ASD=infants at high likelihood for ASD who were later diagnosed with ASD; HL-negative=high-likelihood infants who were negative for ASD; LL-negative=low-likelihood infants who were negative for ASD. Infants with fragile X syndrome had larger caudate volume at all ages between 6 and 24 months; there was a significant main effect of group (p=0.001). Plots of the model-adjusted least-squares means are overlaid onto the raw data points of all participants. Percent differences in least-squares means are in relation to the LL-negative group. Effect sizes for the FXS group relative to the LL-negative group: d=2.12 at 6 months; d=2.04 at 12 months; d=1.49 at 24 months. (Note that the lines for the LL-negative (blue) and HL-negative (purple) lines are overlapping.) Error bars indicate standard error of the mean. Asterisks indicate p values (corrected) compared with all other groups.
***p<0.0001.