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Study CONSORT diagram. aOne patient did not return to the site for screening; bPreoperative laparoscopic endoscopic examination of surgical site revealed anatomical challenges, for example, dense adhesions, resulting in surgeons electing to proceed with conventional laparoscopic or open surgery; cThese procedures included 1 total hysterectomy and cholecystectomy; 1 colectomy and cholecystectomy; 1 unilateral inguinal hernia repair and cholecystectomy.
