Table 1.

Modifiable and Non-modifiable risk factors of HAIs

	Modifiable	Non-modifiable
CLABSI [12, 41]	Prolonged hospitalization before central-line placement Total parenteral nutrition Extracorporeal life support Renal replacement therapy Multilumen catheters Type of CVC material Site and insertion techniques - handling Duration of indwelling catheter	Young age (especially newborn) Male gender Burns Genetic abnormality Immune deficiency
VAP [42]	Reintubation/Self-extubation Prolonged mechanical ventilation Supine position Previous antibiotic uses and bloodstream infection Use of steroids Use of gastric acid–modifying drugs Use of narcotics, neuromuscular agents Invasive procedures like bronchoscopy	Genetic syndrome Neurological impairment Immunodeficiency Airway malformations Congenital heart disease
CAUTI [20]	Duration of catheterization Breach in catheter sterility Chronic undernutrition	Chronic kidney disease Immune deficiency Fecal incontinence

CAUTI Catheter-associated urinary tract infection, CLABSI Central line–associated blood stream infection, CVC Central venous catheter, HAI Health care–associated infections, VAP Ventilator-associated pneumonia