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. 2022 Dec 6;13:1015355. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015355

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Copyright © 2022 Wang, Yang and Song

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic illustrating the metabolism of the oral inhibitor VV116. VV116 is an orally administered tri-isobutyrate ester prodrug of GS-441524. After intestinal absorption, VV116 is efficiently converted by cellular enzymes to the plasma metabolite VV116-N1 (median T_max 1.0–2.5 h), which undergoes three phosphorylation events to yield the active form, VV116-NTP.