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. 2022 Dec 6;9:1017371. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1017371

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Copyright © 2022 Zulbaran-Rojas, Mishra, Rodriguez, Bara, Lee, Bagheri, Herlihy, Siddique and Najafi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Study setup: electrical stimulation device, plugs and pads, and surface electromyography sensors. Participants received electrical stimulation through electrode adhesive pads placed on both proximal and distal gastrocnemius muscles using a bio-electric stimulation technology^® (BEST) micro-current platform (Tennant Biomodulator^®). Electrical stimulation (E-Stim) was active in the intervention group and non-functional in the control group. Two surface electromyography (Delsys Trigno Wireless EMG System, MA, USA) sensors were placed on the proximal lateral gastrocnemius of each lower extremity to evaluate muscular outcomes. Proximal medial gastrocnemius signal was also recorded, but not included for analysis. sEMG, surface electromyogram; GNM, gastrocnemius muscle; E-Stim, electrical stimulation.