TABLE 2.
Risk stratification models.
| Name of study | No. of patients(D/V) | C statistic D/V (original paper) | Characteristics | Only preprocedural | Population | No. of risk factors | Model variables |
| Bartholomew et al. (171) | 20.479 (10 481/9998) | 0.89 (missing 95% CL) | Single center | No | Undergoing PCI | 8 | eGFR <60 ml/min, IABP, urgent/emergent procedure, diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, peripheral artery disease, contrast volume >260 ml |
| Marenzi et al. (172) | 1.172 (218/891) | 0.60 (missing 95% CL) | Single center | No | PCI for STEMI | 5 | Age >75 years, anterior infarction, time to reperfusion, contrast volume, use of IABP |
| Mehran et al. (49) | 8.357 (5571/2786) | 0.67 (95% CI 0.608–0.779) | Single center | No | PCI for STEMI | 8 | Hypotension, heart failure, CKD, diabetes, age >75 years, anemia, use of IABP, contrast volume |
| Ghani and Tohamy (173) | 347 (247/100) | 0.61 (missing 95%CL) | Single center | No | Undergoing PCI | 5 | Basal serum creatinine >115 μmol/L, shock, female gender, multivessel PCI, and diabetes |
| Maioli et al. (174) | 1.783 (1281/502) | 0.82 (missing 95%CL) | Single center | Yes | Undergoing CAG or PCI | 7 | Age >73, diabetes, LVEF 45%, creatinine 1.5 mg/dl or CrCl eGFR ≤ 45(ml/min/1.73 m2) ml/min, post hydration creatinine |
| Fu et al. (175) | 895 (668/277) | 0.79 (missing 95%CL) | Single center | No | Undergoing PCI | 9 | eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m, diabetes, LVEF < 45%, MI, emergency PCI, myocardial infarction anemia, contrast volume >200 ml, hypotension, age > 70 years |
| Tziakas et al. (176) | 688 (488/200) | 0.76 (95%CI 0.685–0.833) | Single center | No | Undergoing PCI | 5 | CKD, metformin use, prior PCI, peripheral arterial disease, contrast volume ≥ 300 ml |
| Gurm et al.(52) | 60.573 (40,001/20,572) | 0.84 (95% CI: 0.821 to 0.857) | Multi center | Yes | Undergoing PCI | 15 (reduced model) | PCI indication/status, CAD presentation, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, prePCI LVEF, diabetes, age, weight, height, CK-MB, creatinine, hemoglobin, troponin I, and troponin T |
| Chen et al. (55) | 2.500 (1500/1000) | 0.82 (95% CL: 0.78-0.86) | Single center | Yes | Undergoing PCI | 9 | Age ≥ 70, prior MI, diabetes, hypotension, LVEF ≤ 45%, anemia, eGFR ≤ 45(ml/min/1.73 m2), HDL < 1 mmol/, Urgent PCI |
| Gao et al. (177) | 3.945(2.764/1181) | 0.71 (95% CI 0.63–0.79) | Singe center | No | Undergoing CAG or PCI | 7 | Age > 60, hypertension, acute MI, heart failure, IABP usage, CKD, contrast volume > 100 ml |
| Liu et al. (178) | 1.272 (848/424) | 0.76 (95% CI 0.685–0.832) | Single center | Yes | Undergoing CAG or PCI | 4 | IABP, eGFR, Hypoalbuminemia, age |
| Victor et al. (179) | 1.200 (900/300) | 0.95 (Spec. 82%, Sens. 92%) | Single center | No | Undergoing PCI | 7 | GFR value, amount of contrast, hemoglobin, diabetic microangiopathy, hypotension, albuminuria, peripheral vascular disease |
| Duan et al. (180) | 1.777 (1076/701) | 0.8 (95%CI: 0.727-0.870) | Single center | Yes | Undergoing CAG or PCI | 7 | Age ≤ 70, history of myocardial infarction, diabetes, hypotension, LVEF < 45%, anaemia, eGFR |
| Caspi et al. (181) | 1.200 (900/300) | 0.81(95% CL 0.79-0.83) | Single center | No | Undergoing PCI | 7 | independent predictors of AKI age ≥ 70 years, DM insulin, diuretics, anterior MI, eGFR value, Killip III-IV, IABG, LVEF ≤ 45% |
| Brown et al. (182) | 115.633 (87 728/27 905) | 0.74 (95% CI: 0.74–0.75) | Multi center | No | Undergoing CAG or PCI | 17 | Diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, prior stroke, CHF, urgency status, shock, ACS, anemia, low albumin, prior AKI, CKD, prior MI, prior CABG, smoker, age, hypertension, thrombolytic use |
| Lian et al. (183) | 1.286(756/530) | 0.7 (95% CL 0,624-0,765) | Single center | Yes | Undergoing CAG | 3 | age > 75 years, CHF, CrCl < 60 ml/min |
| Inohara et al. (184) | 5.936 (3957/1979) | 0.8 (95% CL 0.783-0.815) | Multi center | Yes | Undergoing PCI | 7 | Age, NYHA III-IV, DM, prior PCI, hypertension, CKD, ACS |
| Lin et al. (185) | 692 (461/231) | 0.83 (95% CL 0.776-0.853) | Single center | No | Undergoing emergent PCI | 4 | Hypotension, Age>75 years, IABP, SCr>1.5 mg/dl |
| Yuan et al. (186) | 1.061 (761/300) | 0.76 (95% CI: 0.672-0.841) | Single center | Yes | Undergoing emergent PCI | 5 | BSA < 1.60 m2, history of TIA/stroke, WBC 15.0 × 109/L, eGFR 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, IABP usage, diuretics usage |
| Tsai et al. (187) | 947.012 (662,504/284,508) | 0.71 (95% CL 0.701, 0.716) | Multi center | Yes | Undergoing PCI | 11 | Age, prior 2 weeks HF, GFR, diabetes, prior HF/CVD, NSTEMI/UA, STEMI, prior card shock or cardiac arrest, anemia, IABP |
| Freeman et al. (188) | 16.592 (10,729/5863) | 0.89 (missing 95%CL) | Multi center | Yes | Undergoing PCI | 5 | Peripheral artery disease, diabetes, CKD (Cr > 2 mg/dl), heart failure, cardiogenic shock |
D, derivation population, V, validation population; IABP, intraaortic balloon pump; CrCl, creatinine clearance; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; CAD, coronary artery disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CKD, chronic kidney disease; BSA, body surface area; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; CHF, chronic heart failure; UA, unstable angina pectoris; STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.