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. 2022 Dec 19;12:21882. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25938-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Predictors of mortality risk. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for predictors of mortality according to Cox regression analysis. The numerical values correspond to those of Supplementary Table 2. The predictors shown are those that were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in multivariable analyses of either increased mortality or increased occurrence of exacerbations to ensure comparability with Fig. 3, additionally asthma as important respiratory comorbidity. All predictors except for the decline in lung function (delta/y) refer to baseline values at the initial visit. Increased COPD symptoms correspond to GOLD groups B or D and high exacerbation risk to GOLD groups C or D at baseline. FEV₁ = forced expiratory volume in 1 s; TLCO = diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; IPAQ = International Physical Activity Questionnaire.